Questões de Inglês

The safety of trainee surgeons: an interview with Prof Calvin Coffey

Published on August 31,2012 at 10:21 AM

Please could you give a brief introduction to surgical training? At what point are trainees involved in operations?

 

Surgical training begins at an undergraduate medical student level where students are involved in operations to a minor degree, and educated using a combination of didactic and problem-based approaches.

 

Newly qualified doctors (often termed "house officers" in Europe and "residents" in North America) are involved to a degree in that period, but are mainly involved in ward level service provision.

 

Involvement in operations increases in a graduated manner, an approach for which we are always going to be indebted to William Halsted for introducing. North America and Europe differ in terms of the training thereafter.

 

ln North America, residents enter a five year training program called residency during which they gain increasing exposure and involvement in surgical operations. During this period they go from "scrubbing into" operations and playing a Iimited role, to playing major roles as chief residents. They then undergo a specialist training period referred to as a fellowship, in which they are immersed in operations on virtually a daily basis and obtain enormous experience at performing operations. This is all done under close supervision.

 

Even after training and gaining a staff level position (i.e. consultancy in Europe) they are slowly introduced to increasingly complex procedures, rather than immediately starting on complex procedures as independent operators. Of course biologic diversity is such that realistically surgeons must aim to continue to learn on a Iifelong basis.

 

Slight differences exist in Europe where the general pattern involves training as senior house officer for approximately two years, after which the trainee enters a higher specialist period of training lasting 4-6 years. Typically the trainee then undergoes a fellowship-style period of immersive training at the end of this period.

 

Although differences exist across European countries in respect of the precise duration of these intervals and the nomenclature utilized at each stage, the overall trend of graduated increases in intraoperative and perioperative responsibility is common to all programs.

 

DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO ACIMA ...

No final de seu treinamento, o novo cirurgião __________ .

The safety of trainee surgeons: an interview with Prof Calvin Coffey

Published on August 31,2012 at 10:21 AM

Please could you give a brief introduction to surgical training? At what point are trainees involved in operations?

 

Surgical training begins at an undergraduate medical student level where students are involved in operations to a minor degree, and educated using a combination of didactic and problem-based approaches.

 

Newly qualified doctors (often termed "house officers" in Europe and "residents" in North America) are involved to a degree in that period, but are mainly involved in ward level service provision.

 

Involvement in operations increases in a graduated manner, an approach for which we are always going to be indebted to William Halsted for introducing. North America and Europe differ in terms of the training thereafter.

 

ln North America, residents enter a five year training program called residency during which they gain increasing exposure and involvement in surgical operations. During this period they go from "scrubbing into" operations and playing a Iimited role, to playing major roles as chief residents. They then undergo a specialist training period referred to as a fellowship, in which they are immersed in operations on virtually a daily basis and obtain enormous experience at performing operations. This is all done under close supervision.

 

Even after training and gaining a staff level position (i.e. consultancy in Europe) they are slowly introduced to increasingly complex procedures, rather than immediately starting on complex procedures as independent operators. Of course biologic diversity is such that realistically surgeons must aim to continue to learn on a Iifelong basis.

 

Slight differences exist in Europe where the general pattern involves training as senior house officer for approximately two years, after which the trainee enters a higher specialist period of training lasting 4-6 years. Typically the trainee then undergoes a fellowship-style period of immersive training at the end of this period.

 

Although differences exist across European countries in respect of the precise duration of these intervals and the nomenclature utilized at each stage, the overall trend of graduated increases in intraoperative and perioperative responsibility is common to all programs.

 

DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO ACIMA ...

Apesar das diferenças, fica evidente que o aprendizado do cirurgião __________ .

The safety of trainee surgeons: an interview with Prof Calvin Coffey

Published on August 31,2012 at 10:21 AM

Please could you give a brief introduction to surgical training? At what point are trainees involved in operations?

 

Surgical training begins at an undergraduate medical student level where students are involved in operations to a minor degree, and educated using a combination of didactic and problem-based approaches.

 

Newly qualified doctors (often termed "house officers" in Europe and "residents" in North America) are involved to a degree in that period, but are mainly involved in ward level service provision.

 

Involvement in operations increases in a graduated manner, an approach for which we are always going to be indebted to William Halsted for introducing. North America and Europe differ in terms of the training thereafter.

 

ln North America, residents enter a five year training program called residency during which they gain increasing exposure and involvement in surgical operations. During this period they go from "scrubbing into" operations and playing a Iimited role, to playing major roles as chief residents. They then undergo a specialist training period referred to as a fellowship, in which they are immersed in operations on virtually a daily basis and obtain enormous experience at performing operations. This is all done under close supervision.

 

Even after training and gaining a staff level position (i.e. consultancy in Europe) they are slowly introduced to increasingly complex procedures, rather than immediately starting on complex procedures as independent operators. Of course biologic diversity is such that realistically surgeons must aim to continue to learn on a Iifelong basis.

 

Slight differences exist in Europe where the general pattern involves training as senior house officer for approximately two years, after which the trainee enters a higher specialist period of training lasting 4-6 years. Typically the trainee then undergoes a fellowship-style period of immersive training at the end of this period.

 

Although differences exist across European countries in respect of the precise duration of these intervals and the nomenclature utilized at each stage, the overall trend of graduated increases in intraoperative and perioperative responsibility is common to all programs.

 

DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO ACIMA ...

Tanto nos EUA como na Europa, o novo cirurgião __________ .

The safety of trainee surgeons: an interview with Prof Calvin Coffey

Published on August 31,2012 at 10:21 AM

Please could you give a brief introduction to surgical training? At what point are trainees involved in operations?

 

Surgical training begins at an undergraduate medical student level where students are involved in operations to a minor degree, and educated using a combination of didactic and problem-based approaches.

 

Newly qualified doctors (often termed "house officers" in Europe and "residents" in North America) are involved to a degree in that period, but are mainly involved in ward level service provision.

 

Involvement in operations increases in a graduated manner, an approach for which we are always going to be indebted to William Halsted for introducing. North America and Europe differ in terms of the training thereafter.

 

ln North America, residents enter a five year training program called residency during which they gain increasing exposure and involvement in surgical operations. During this period they go from "scrubbing into" operations and playing a Iimited role, to playing major roles as chief residents. They then undergo a specialist training period referred to as a fellowship, in which they are immersed in operations on virtually a daily basis and obtain enormous experience at performing operations. This is all done under close supervision.

 

Even after training and gaining a staff level position (i.e. consultancy in Europe) they are slowly introduced to increasingly complex procedures, rather than immediately starting on complex procedures as independent operators. Of course biologic diversity is such that realistically surgeons must aim to continue to learn on a Iifelong basis.

 

Slight differences exist in Europe where the general pattern involves training as senior house officer for approximately two years, after which the trainee enters a higher specialist period of training lasting 4-6 years. Typically the trainee then undergoes a fellowship-style period of immersive training at the end of this period.

 

Although differences exist across European countries in respect of the precise duration of these intervals and the nomenclature utilized at each stage, the overall trend of graduated increases in intraoperative and perioperative responsibility is common to all programs.

 

DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO ACIMA ...

O treinamento do futuro cirurgião começa __________ .

Read the text and answer question.

 

What a washout! It's been the wettest summer for 100 years

 

The washout summer has been the wettest for a century, according to new figures.

The last time England and Wales had more rain between June and August was 1912.

A total of 14.25in (362mm) fell over the three-month period, according to Meteogroup.

Forecaster Nick Prebble said the summer was set to be the fourth wettest since records began in 1727.

This June was the wettest since 1860, had the least sunshine since 1909 and was the coldest since 1991.

Mr Prebble said: "June was wet, dull and cold. It was pretty relentless low pressure, very unsettled weather and a thoroughly miserable month.

"July wasn't as wet as June but it was still wetter than average.

"We haven't quite got to the end of August yet but we're expecting rainfall to be a few millimetres above the average."

MeteoGroup said 14.06in (357mm) of rain had fallen in Scotland during the summer so far, compared with an average of 11.42in (290mm).

http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/weather-its-been-the-wettestsummer-1288928

Choose the alternative that is TRUE based on the text.

Read the text and answer question.

 

Pasta: Edible Geometry

 

Pasta is architecture designed for the taste buds. Every single shape is a brick, different in form, consistency and color, to create an extraordinary construction, both physical and mental, a true expression of taste...

In the world of cooking there are around 350 different types of pasta, and probably approximately four times as many names for them. They can be divided into few groups: long shape, flat pasta strands, short shaped and tubular pasta, small pasta for soup, stuffed shape,

Asian type. Certain shapes of pasta and sizes are used for specific purposes, while others can be used in several different manners. New shapes are also being designed and named every day. Only with the mouth is it possible to distinguish between all the types of pasta, without seeing them. And only with the mouth do they develop their various characteristics that on sight can often seem to be similar.

http://www.archimedes-lab.org/pastashape.html September, 2012.

 

According to the text, it is TRUE to affirm that: