Questões de Inglês

Text I

When 25-year old Fatuma was raped just a few doors away from her own home in Khayelitsha, South Africa, she knew exactly what to do afterwards. “I was in shock and I felt as though my life was ruined forever. But something in me must have wanted to survive because I knew I mustn’t wash and that I had to get to a clinic within 72 hours to get medicines to protect me from HIV. I had heard it on the radio and read the leaflets.”

This vital information came from the Khayelitsha Thuthuzela Forensic Centre, a “one-stop shop” for survivors of rape that is a beacon of hope in an area of South Africa that has a very high rate of sexual violence. People are advised to go straight to the centre if they are sexually assaulted, to receive emergency HIV prevention medication - a 28-day course of antiretrovirals, known as “PEP”. Once there, they are also offered advice and support on preventing other sexually transmitted diseases, as well avoiding unwanted pregnancies. They are given psychological support and, if they want it, help to seek justice. “Because South Africa has such a high prevalence of HIV, survivors of sexual assault are increasingly aware that it is essential to receive HIV prevention medication quickly. When it is taken properly, within 72 hours of a person being exposed to the virus, PEP can reduce the risk of infection by 80%.” says Dr. Genine Josias, the centre’s medical coordinator.

The need in South Africa for PEP, which stands for post-exposure prophylaxis, cannot be underestimated. Globally, the country has the largest number of people living with HIV. This, combined with high rates of sexual violence, means sizeable numbers of people are at risk of being infected with the virus. PEP has been available in South Africa since the 1990s. Understanding of how effective it can be has been growing both amongst health providers and people who may need it. However, as in other countries, compliance with the PEP drug regimen is a challenge. “Recent evidence shows that globally only around 40% of victims of sexual assault who begin PEP complete the course properly,” said Dr Nathan Ford from WHO’s department of HIV/AIDS. “This is partly due to the complexity of prescribing PEP and also to the side effects of some of the drugs used,” he added. Dr Josias, however, believes that another reason for many survivors of sexual assault not completing their course of PEP is because they underestimate the risk of their being infected with HIV. “Victims often know their attacker and think they also know their HIV status. But they may well be wrong,” Dr Josias explained. As such, raising awareness in the community is a critical part of the work of the Khayelitsha Thuthuzela Forensic Centre and the other Thuthuzela Centres doing similar work in different parts of the country. “There are always more people who need to be educated, new children growing up. We disseminate information in every way we can, from newspaper adverts through to puppeteering and workshops.”

Source: World Health Organization (Adapted from http://www.who.int/features/2014/, November 2014)

A contextual synonym for “sizeable” (Text I – paragraph 3) is:

Text I

When 25-year old Fatuma was raped just a few doors away from her own home in Khayelitsha, South Africa, she knew exactly what to do afterwards. “I was in shock and I felt as though my life was ruined forever. But something in me must have wanted to survive because I knew I mustn’t wash and that I had to get to a clinic within 72 hours to get medicines to protect me from HIV. I had heard it on the radio and read the leaflets.”

This vital information came from the Khayelitsha Thuthuzela Forensic Centre, a “one-stop shop” for survivors of rape that is a beacon of hope in an area of South Africa that has a very high rate of sexual violence. People are advised to go straight to the centre if they are sexually assaulted, to receive emergency HIV prevention medication - a 28-day course of antiretrovirals, known as “PEP”. Once there, they are also offered advice and support on preventing other sexually transmitted diseases, as well avoiding unwanted pregnancies. They are given psychological support and, if they want it, help to seek justice. “Because South Africa has such a high prevalence of HIV, survivors of sexual assault are increasingly aware that it is essential to receive HIV prevention medication quickly. When it is taken properly, within 72 hours of a person being exposed to the virus, PEP can reduce the risk of infection by 80%.” says Dr. Genine Josias, the centre’s medical coordinator.

The need in South Africa for PEP, which stands for post-exposure prophylaxis, cannot be underestimated. Globally, the country has the largest number of people living with HIV. This, combined with high rates of sexual violence, means sizeable numbers of people are at risk of being infected with the virus. PEP has been available in South Africa since the 1990s. Understanding of how effective it can be has been growing both amongst health providers and people who may need it. However, as in other countries, compliance with the PEP drug regimen is a challenge. “Recent evidence shows that globally only around 40% of victims of sexual assault who begin PEP complete the course properly,” said Dr Nathan Ford from WHO’s department of HIV/AIDS. “This is partly due to the complexity of prescribing PEP and also to the side effects of some of the drugs used,” he added. Dr Josias, however, believes that another reason for many survivors of sexual assault not completing their course of PEP is because they underestimate the risk of their being infected with HIV. “Victims often know their attacker and think they also know their HIV status. But they may well be wrong,” Dr Josias explained. As such, raising awareness in the community is a critical part of the work of the Khayelitsha Thuthuzela Forensic Centre and the other Thuthuzela Centres doing similar work in different parts of the country. “There are always more people who need to be educated, new children growing up. We disseminate information in every way we can, from newspaper adverts through to puppeteering and workshops.”

Source: World Health Organization (Adapted from http://www.who.int/features/2014/, November 2014)

According to the information in the text, South Africa:

Text I

When 25-year old Fatuma was raped just a few doors away from her own home in Khayelitsha, South Africa, she knew exactly what to do afterwards. “I was in shock and I felt as though my life was ruined forever. But something in me must have wanted to survive because I knew I mustn’t wash and that I had to get to a clinic within 72 hours to get medicines to protect me from HIV. I had heard it on the radio and read the leaflets.”

This vital information came from the Khayelitsha Thuthuzela Forensic Centre, a “one-stop shop” for survivors of rape that is a beacon of hope in an area of South Africa that has a very high rate of sexual violence. People are advised to go straight to the centre if they are sexually assaulted, to receive emergency HIV prevention medication - a 28-day course of antiretrovirals, known as “PEP”. Once there, they are also offered advice and support on preventing other sexually transmitted diseases, as well avoiding unwanted pregnancies. They are given psychological support and, if they want it, help to seek justice. “Because South Africa has such a high prevalence of HIV, survivors of sexual assault are increasingly aware that it is essential to receive HIV prevention medication quickly. When it is taken properly, within 72 hours of a person being exposed to the virus, PEP can reduce the risk of infection by 80%.” says Dr. Genine Josias, the centre’s medical coordinator.

The need in South Africa for PEP, which stands for post-exposure prophylaxis, cannot be underestimated. Globally, the country has the largest number of people living with HIV. This, combined with high rates of sexual violence, means sizeable numbers of people are at risk of being infected with the virus. PEP has been available in South Africa since the 1990s. Understanding of how effective it can be has been growing both amongst health providers and people who may need it. However, as in other countries, compliance with the PEP drug regimen is a challenge. “Recent evidence shows that globally only around 40% of victims of sexual assault who begin PEP complete the course properly,” said Dr Nathan Ford from WHO’s department of HIV/AIDS. “This is partly due to the complexity of prescribing PEP and also to the side effects of some of the drugs used,” he added. Dr Josias, however, believes that another reason for many survivors of sexual assault not completing their course of PEP is because they underestimate the risk of their being infected with HIV. “Victims often know their attacker and think they also know their HIV status. But they may well be wrong,” Dr Josias explained. As such, raising awareness in the community is a critical part of the work of the Khayelitsha Thuthuzela Forensic Centre and the other Thuthuzela Centres doing similar work in different parts of the country. “There are always more people who need to be educated, new children growing up. We disseminate information in every way we can, from newspaper adverts through to puppeteering and workshops.”

Source: World Health Organization (Adapted from http://www.who.int/features/2014/, November 2014)

In the sentence: “This vital information came from the Khayelitsha Thuthuzela Forensic Centre, a “one-stop shop” for survivors of rape that is a beacon of hope in an area of South Africa that has a very high rate of sexual violence.” the words in bold could be respectively best replaced by:

TEXT II

The biggest stars on the planet are emerging from our screens, but not the ones you first imagine, TV or cinema -- they're coming from YouTube. YouTubers, those producing content solely on the video sharing site and Vloggers, bloggers but on video, are the talking heads of the global social phenomenon and command a fan base into the tens of millions. Their video views have now reached well into the billions -- a number most business people can only dream about. While vlogging may have once been thought of as a fad for Millennials, many business people and leaders could benefit by taking tips from successful vloggers whose reach seems unstoppable. Here are a few pointers from managers of the most influential stars:

• Be authentic and unique: The key to being successful online is doing something that you're passionate about. Most bloggers began by sharing their own views in their own way, focusing on what they're good at rather than taking over the world.

• Rome wasn't built in a day: Smales hasn't seen any overnight successes. He believes it's something that's been built up over time, several years in some cases.

• Work with the competition: Business leaders may think it's counter-productive to work with their competitors and promote their products, but that's exactly what vloggers have done and it's helped their followings grow.

• Engage with your followers: YouTubers are in constant contact with their followers. Instant feedback and the close contact allows them to tailor output to what their fans want.

• Content is king: It's a cliche but the content created by the vloggers is what is behind their success and it has nothing to do with the growth of YouTube.

(Adapted from http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/20/business/)

Which alternative below has the CORRECT information about the word and its function in the text?

TEXT II

The biggest stars on the planet are emerging from our screens, but not the ones you first imagine, TV or cinema -- they're coming from YouTube. YouTubers, those producing content solely on the video sharing site and Vloggers, bloggers but on video, are the talking heads of the global social phenomenon and command a fan base into the tens of millions. Their video views have now reached well into the billions -- a number most business people can only dream about. While vlogging may have once been thought of as a fad for Millennials, many business people and leaders could benefit by taking tips from successful vloggers whose reach seems unstoppable. Here are a few pointers from managers of the most influential stars:

• Be authentic and unique: The key to being successful online is doing something that you're passionate about. Most bloggers began by sharing their own views in their own way, focusing on what they're good at rather than taking over the world.

• Rome wasn't built in a day: Smales hasn't seen any overnight successes. He believes it's something that's been built up over time, several years in some cases.

• Work with the competition: Business leaders may think it's counter-productive to work with their competitors and promote their products, but that's exactly what vloggers have done and it's helped their followings grow.

• Engage with your followers: YouTubers are in constant contact with their followers. Instant feedback and the close contact allows them to tailor output to what their fans want.

• Content is king: It's a cliche but the content created by the vloggers is what is behind their success and it has nothing to do with the growth of YouTube.

(Adapted from http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/20/business/)

According to the text, business people and leaders:

An Italian Navy ship on Wednesday rescued 290 desperate Eritrean migrants from a rickety boat on the Mediterranean, as they attempted to reach safer shores in Europe. CNN's Christiane Amanpour was onboard the frigate as it conducted the operation, just one of several carried out by the Navy today. "It is people taking their lives in their hands, getting on these boats," Amanpour told. "They've either been peddled a bunch of lies from the human traffickers, who advertise that this is a comfortable and reliable trip from Libyan ports across the Mediterranean, when of course it isn't, or they just basically say to themselves as the gentleman told me, you know, 'I would rather risk this than death at home."

 

More than 35,000 migrants have arrived in Italy via the Mediterranean this year alone, and the numbers continue to climb, says the International Organization for Migration. Most are Eritrean, but they come from all over Africa and Syria. At least 1,826 migrants have died in the Mediterranean so far this year, many times more than had perished during the same period last year. "We did see one of those who tried to get across to safety in this small, rickety boat was dead on arrival," Amanpour reported. "And three others were taken to the helicopter on the island of Lampedusa. So they were given emergency care there. The rest will be staying on board until they can be offloaded at Lampedusa, or somewhere else, and then processed on land."

 

Europe has come under severe criticism for not taking the humanitarian crisis more seriously. After a series of disasters last month, the EU has stepped up funding. But critics still say that countries are approaching the problem too militaristically; the EU on Monday agreed to set up a naval mission to go after the gangs that facilitate the perilous crossing. Italy has borne the brunt of the rescue mission as Europe struggle to deal with an influx of refugees and migrants braving unimaginable conditions at sea.

 

"It's an extraordinarily complex process. It takes quite a long time to rescue boat of 300 people. They have to make sure that there's nothing hostile on board. Then all the naval personnel suit up in white hazardous material suits with masks and gloves -- we all had to do the same thing -- in order to make sure that you don't get contaminated by any potential disease, any illness. The weather is good today, and that attracted some of these migrants. It may not get so good tomorrow, and people are quite concerned that migrants might set off from Libya, and then find themselves in very hostile, unfriendly, and swelling seas in these terrible boats."

(Adapted from: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/20/world/)

 

We can say the author sounds: