Questões de Inglês

O foco principal do texto são as

Benjamin Franklin once said, “Early to bed

and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and

wise.”_________ in Franklin’s time most people

________ in an unconsolidated fashion: They

went to “first sleep” shortly after the sun went

down, and woke four or five hours later for a few

hours of activity before returning to “second

sleep.”

Industrialization and electric lighting put the

unconsolidated sleep pattern to rest, so to speak,

and today most adults are expected to work from

mid-morning to mid-evening and, if they’re very

lucky, sleep a solid eight hours from night to

morning. This is easier for some than others.

Mounting research suggests that differences in

lifestyle, personality, brain functioning, and even

brain physicality define two distinct chronotypes

(a person’s characteristic sleep pattern), which

could roughly be defined as “night owls” and

“morning larks.” Morning larks, those who

naturally wake up early and are energized in the

pre-lunch hours, are more suited to the typical

work schedule, while the propensities of night

owls put them at odds with it, leading them to

suffer from chronic social jetlag.

Only an estimated 10 percent of the global

population are morning larks, and roughly twenty

percent are night owls, with the rest of us falling

somewhere in between. Night owls are more

prone to depression and are more likely to smoke

and drink, and while they’re potentially smarter,

their academic abilities fall short of early birds

(possibly because they were half-asleep for most

of school). It gets worse: A study published in 2013

found that night owls are more likely to have a

cluster of personality traits known as the “Dark

Triad” — narcissism, Machiavellianism, and

psychopathy. Morning larks, conversely, have

been found to be more moral.

One’s circadian rhythm does change over time

— babies are often up at dawn, while teenagers are

zombie-esque until the afternoon — and there are

certain things you can do to adjust your natural

rhythms, such as avoiding light in the hours before

bed, seeking light upon waking, and regimenting

sleep and wake time. But there’s a great deal of

evidence that our essential propensity for larkness

or owlishness is rooted in genetics. Genetic

variation can affect a person’s sleep and wake

cycle by up to an hour, and, gruesomely, can help

predict what time of a day a person will die.

One thing both groups (and those of us in

between) have in common: We probably aren’t

getting enough sleep. A December, 2013 Gallup

poll found that Americans average less than seven

hours of sleep a night — more than an hour less than

Americans slept per night in 1942. From 2006 to

2011, the market for over-the-counter sleep aids

grew 31 percent.

Adapted from: World Science Festival | September 11, 2014 http://theweek.com/article/index/267811/is-there-really-such-a-thingas- a-morning-person. 

Benjamin Franklin once said, “Early to bed

and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and

wise.”_________ in Franklin’s time most people

________ in an unconsolidated fashion: They

went to “first sleep” shortly after the sun went

down, and woke four or five hours later for a few

hours of activity before returning to “second

sleep.”

Industrialization and electric lighting put the

unconsolidated sleep pattern to rest, so to speak,

and today most adults are expected to work from

mid-morning to mid-evening and, if they’re very

lucky, sleep a solid eight hours from night to

morning. This is easier for some than others.

Mounting research suggests that differences in

lifestyle, personality, brain functioning, and even

brain physicality define two distinct chronotypes

(a person’s characteristic sleep pattern), which

could roughly be defined as “night owls” and

“morning larks.” Morning larks, those who

naturally wake up early and are energized in the

pre-lunch hours, are more suited to the typical

work schedule, while the propensities of night

owls put them at odds with it, leading them to

suffer from chronic social jetlag.

Only an estimated 10 percent of the global

population are morning larks, and roughly twenty

percent are night owls, with the rest of us falling

somewhere in between. Night owls are more

prone to depression and are more likely to smoke

and drink, and while they’re potentially smarter,

their academic abilities fall short of early birds

(possibly because they were half-asleep for most

of school). It gets worse: A study published in 2013

found that night owls are more likely to have a

cluster of personality traits known as the “Dark

Triad” — narcissism, Machiavellianism, and

psychopathy. Morning larks, conversely, have

been found to be more moral.

One’s circadian rhythm does change over time

— babies are often up at dawn, while teenagers are

zombie-esque until the afternoon — and there are

certain things you can do to adjust your natural

rhythms, such as avoiding light in the hours before

bed, seeking light upon waking, and regimenting

sleep and wake time. But there’s a great deal of

evidence that our essential propensity for larkness

or owlishness is rooted in genetics. Genetic

variation can affect a person’s sleep and wake

cycle by up to an hour, and, gruesomely, can help

predict what time of a day a person will die.

One thing both groups (and those of us in

between) have in common: We probably aren’t

getting enough sleep. A December, 2013 Gallup

poll found that Americans average less than seven

hours of sleep a night — more than an hour less than

Americans slept per night in 1942. From 2006 to

2011, the market for over-the-counter sleep aids

grew 31 percent.

Adapted from: World Science Festival | September 11, 2014 http://theweek.com/article/index/267811/is-there-really-such-a-thingas- a-morning-person. 

Benjamin Franklin once said, “Early to bed

and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and

wise.”_________ in Franklin’s time most people

________ in an unconsolidated fashion: They

went to “first sleep” shortly after the sun went

down, and woke four or five hours later for a few

hours of activity before returning to “second

sleep.”

Industrialization and electric lighting put the

unconsolidated sleep pattern to rest, so to speak,

and today most adults are expected to work from

mid-morning to mid-evening and, if they’re very

lucky, sleep a solid eight hours from night to

morning. This is easier for some than others.

Mounting research suggests that differences in

lifestyle, personality, brain functioning, and even

brain physicality define two distinct chronotypes

(a person’s characteristic sleep pattern), which

could roughly be defined as “night owls” and

“morning larks.” Morning larks, those who

naturally wake up early and are energized in the

pre-lunch hours, are more suited to the typical

work schedule, while the propensities of night

owls put them at odds with it, leading them to

suffer from chronic social jetlag.

Only an estimated 10 percent of the global

population are morning larks, and roughly twenty

percent are night owls, with the rest of us falling

somewhere in between. Night owls are more

prone to depression and are more likely to smoke

and drink, and while they’re potentially smarter,

their academic abilities fall short of early birds

(possibly because they were half-asleep for most

of school). It gets worse: A study published in 2013

found that night owls are more likely to have a

cluster of personality traits known as the “Dark

Triad” — narcissism, Machiavellianism, and

psychopathy. Morning larks, conversely, have

been found to be more moral.

One’s circadian rhythm does change over time

— babies are often up at dawn, while teenagers are

zombie-esque until the afternoon — and there are

certain things you can do to adjust your natural

rhythms, such as avoiding light in the hours before

bed, seeking light upon waking, and regimenting

sleep and wake time. But there’s a great deal of

evidence that our essential propensity for larkness

or owlishness is rooted in genetics. Genetic

variation can affect a person’s sleep and wake

cycle by up to an hour, and, gruesomely, can help

predict what time of a day a person will die.

One thing both groups (and those of us in

between) have in common: We probably aren’t

getting enough sleep. A December, 2013 Gallup

poll found that Americans average less than seven

hours of sleep a night — more than an hour less than

Americans slept per night in 1942. From 2006 to

2011, the market for over-the-counter sleep aids

grew 31 percent.

Adapted from: World Science Festival | September 11, 2014 http://theweek.com/article/index/267811/is-there-really-such-a-thingas- a-morning-person. 

HUNDREDS LEAVE SOUTH AFRICA AFTER ANTI-IMMI VIOLENCE 

JOHANNESBURG (AP) — Worried about

their safety, hundreds of African immigrants

headed out of South Africa in buses on Monday

following deadly attacks on foreign-owned shops.

South Africa’s anti-immigrant attacks have

angered many across the continent. South African

diplomats in at least two other African countries

reported threats of reprisal attacks because of the

violence at home. The outbreak of violence in

South Africa against immigrants has tarnished the

reputation of a country that has one of the biggest

economies on the continent and has been a

destination for people seeking opportunity and an

escape from turbulence elsewhere in Africa. (A)

South Africa was also dubbed the “rainbow nation”

for its relatively peaceful transition to democracy

after the end of white racist rule in 1994.

Now the government is struggling to contain

negative fallout from attacks on immigrants in

some areas of Durban and Johannesburg that killed

seven people since the end of March. Activists in

some African countries organized protests and

called for a boycott of South African goods, as

South Africa is a powerful trading partner in the

region. (B)

The South African government should be

“less reactive and more proactive” in dealing with

tensions over immigrants and the country should

“be a bit more humble” about its aspirations as a

continental leader, said Prof. Chris Landsberg, an

African diplomacy and foreign policy expert at the

University of Johannesburg. “We are in denial,”

Landsberg said.

President Jacob Zuma postponed a ceremony

in which the country’s highest official honor is

bestowed on South Africans and foreigners who

have contributed to South Africa, his office said.

The event will be postponed so South Africa can

mourn the victims of the anti-immigrant violence,

including three South Africans and four foreigners,

it was said.

In Malawi, Information Minister Kondwani

Nankhumwa said six buses carrying 390

Malawians from Durban were heading to Malawi.

Isaac Moyo, Zimbabwe’s ambassador to South

Africa said about 400 Zimbabweans were also

heading home from South Africa.

Louis Lulu Mnguni, South Africa’s top

diplomat in Nigeria, said his Lagos mission has

warned South African citizens in Nigeria “to

exercise vigilance and limit their movements”

following threats of reprisal attacks. (C)

The attacks in South Africa stem from a

perception that immigrants, many from other

African countries, are taking jobs at the expense of

South Africans in a country with high

unemployment. Many people have entered South

Africa illegally, though the government has said a

large number of immigrants are working legally

and contributing to economic development.

The violence recalls similar unrest in South

Africa in 2008 in which 60 people died. (D) In

January this year, four people died during looting of

foreign-owned shops in areas of Johannesburg.

The violence is particularly unfortunate

because other African nations provided shelter and

other aid to South African activists during the battle

against white minority rule, said Xingwana, the

South African diplomat in Ghana. (E) “The young

people have forgotten the contribution of African

countries to South Africa’s fight against Apartheid

and need to be educated on this”, she said.

Adapted from: Hundreds Leave South Africa After Anti-immigrant Violence. Available at: <http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2015/ Hundreds-of-immigrants-leave-South-Africa-inb u s e s - a f t e r- d e a d l y - a t t a c k s - o n - f o r e i g n - o w n e d - s h o p s / i d - 2 5 2 4 1 6 0 2 2 9 c b 4 0 0 cadf2ec02ce14b934>. Accessed on April 20th, 2015. 

HUNDREDS LEAVE SOUTH AFRICA AFTER ANTI-IMMI VIOLENCE 

JOHANNESBURG (AP) — Worried about

their safety, hundreds of African immigrants

headed out of South Africa in buses on Monday

following deadly attacks on foreign-owned shops.

South Africa’s anti-immigrant attacks have

angered many across the continent. South African

diplomats in at least two other African countries

reported threats of reprisal attacks because of the

violence at home. The outbreak of violence in

South Africa against immigrants has tarnished the

reputation of a country that has one of the biggest

economies on the continent and has been a

destination for people seeking opportunity and an

escape from turbulence elsewhere in Africa. (A)

South Africa was also dubbed the “rainbow nation”

for its relatively peaceful transition to democracy

after the end of white racist rule in 1994.

Now the government is struggling to contain

negative fallout from attacks on immigrants in

some areas of Durban and Johannesburg that killed

seven people since the end of March. Activists in

some African countries organized protests and

called for a boycott of South African goods, as

South Africa is a powerful trading partner in the

region. (B)

The South African government should be

“less reactive and more proactive” in dealing with

tensions over immigrants and the country should

“be a bit more humble” about its aspirations as a

continental leader, said Prof. Chris Landsberg, an

African diplomacy and foreign policy expert at the

University of Johannesburg. “We are in denial,”

Landsberg said.

President Jacob Zuma postponed a ceremony

in which the country’s highest official honor is

bestowed on South Africans and foreigners who

have contributed to South Africa, his office said.

The event will be postponed so South Africa can

mourn the victims of the anti-immigrant violence,

including three South Africans and four foreigners,

it was said.

In Malawi, Information Minister Kondwani

Nankhumwa said six buses carrying 390

Malawians from Durban were heading to Malawi.

Isaac Moyo, Zimbabwe’s ambassador to South

Africa said about 400 Zimbabweans were also

heading home from South Africa.

Louis Lulu Mnguni, South Africa’s top

diplomat in Nigeria, said his Lagos mission has

warned South African citizens in Nigeria “to

exercise vigilance and limit their movements”

following threats of reprisal attacks. (C)

The attacks in South Africa stem from a

perception that immigrants, many from other

African countries, are taking jobs at the expense of

South Africans in a country with high

unemployment. Many people have entered South

Africa illegally, though the government has said a

large number of immigrants are working legally

and contributing to economic development.

The violence recalls similar unrest in South

Africa in 2008 in which 60 people died. (D) In

January this year, four people died during looting of

foreign-owned shops in areas of Johannesburg.

The violence is particularly unfortunate

because other African nations provided shelter and

other aid to South African activists during the battle

against white minority rule, said Xingwana, the

South African diplomat in Ghana. (E) “The young

people have forgotten the contribution of African

countries to South Africa’s fight against Apartheid

and need to be educated on this”, she said.

Adapted from: Hundreds Leave South Africa After Anti-immigrant Violence. Available at: <http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2015/ Hundreds-of-immigrants-leave-South-Africa-inb u s e s - a f t e r- d e a d l y - a t t a c k s - o n - f o r e i g n - o w n e d - s h o p s / i d - 2 5 2 4 1 6 0 2 2 9 c b 4 0 0 cadf2ec02ce14b934>. Accessed on April 20th, 2015.