Questões de Inglês

My brother the star, my mother the earth my father the sun, my sister the moon, to my life give beauty, to my body give strength, to my corn give goodness, to my house give peace, to my spirit give truth, to my elders give wisdom.

Disponível em: www.blackhawkproductions.com. Acesso em: 8 ago. 2012.

 

Produções artístico-culturais revelam visões de mundo próprias de um grupo social.

 

Esse poema demonstra a estreita relação entre a tradição oral da cultura indígena norte-americana e a

As instituições públicas fazem uso de avisos como instrumento de comunicação com o cidadão.

 

Esse aviso, voltado a passageiros, tem o objetivo de

  Between now and 2050 the number of people living in cities will grow from 3.9 billion to 6.3 billion. The proportion of urban dwellers will swell from 54% to 67% of the world’s population, according to the UN. In other words, for the next 36 years the world’s cities will expand by the equivalent of six São Paulos every year. This growth will largely occur in developing countries. But most governments there are ignoring the problem, says William Cobbett of the Cities Alliance, an NGO that supports initiatives such as the one launched by New York University to help cities make longͲterm preparations for their growth. “Whether we want it or not, urbanisation is inevitable,” say specialists. “The real question is: how can we improve its quality?”

The Economist, June 21st 2014. Adaptado.

De acordo com o texto,

  You know the exit is somewhere along this stretch of highway, but you have never taken it before and do not want to miss it. As you carefully scan the side of the road for the exit sign, numerous distractions intrude on your visual field: billboards, a snazzy convertible, a cell phone buzzing on the dashboard. How does your brain focus on the task at hand? 

  To answer this question, neuroscientists generally study the way the brain strengthens its response to what you are looking for – jolting itself with an especially large electrical pulse when you see it. Another mental trick may be just as important, according to a study published in April in the Journal of Neuroscience: the brain deliberately weakens its reaction to everything else so that the target seems more important in comparison.

  Such research may eventually help scientists understand what is happening in the brains of people with attention problems, such as attentionͲdeficit/hyperactivity disorder. And in a world increasingly permeated by distractions – a major contributor to traffic accidents – any insights into how the brain pays attention should get ours.

Scientific American, July 2014. Adaptado.

De acordo com o texto, a pesquisa mencionada pode  

  You know the exit is somewhere along this stretch of highway, but you have never taken it before and do not want to miss it. As you carefully scan the side of the road for the exit sign, numerous distractions intrude on your visual field: billboards, a snazzy convertible, a cell phone buzzing on the dashboard. How does your brain focus on the task at hand? 

  To answer this question, neuroscientists generally study the way the brain strengthens its response to what you are looking for – jolting itself with an especially large electrical pulse when you see it. Another mental trick may be just as important, according to a study published in April in the Journal of Neuroscience: the brain deliberately weakens its reaction to everything else so that the target seems more important in comparison.

  Such research may eventually help scientists understand what is happening in the brains of people with attention problems, such as attentionͲdeficit/hyperactivity disorder. And in a world increasingly permeated by distractions – a major contributor to traffic accidents – any insights into how the brain pays attention should get ours.

Scientific American, July 2014. Adaptado.

O foco principal do texto são as

Benjamin Franklin once said, “Early to bed

and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and

wise.”_________ in Franklin’s time most people

________ in an unconsolidated fashion: They

went to “first sleep” shortly after the sun went

down, and woke four or five hours later for a few

hours of activity before returning to “second

sleep.”

Industrialization and electric lighting put the

unconsolidated sleep pattern to rest, so to speak,

and today most adults are expected to work from

mid-morning to mid-evening and, if they’re very

lucky, sleep a solid eight hours from night to

morning. This is easier for some than others.

Mounting research suggests that differences in

lifestyle, personality, brain functioning, and even

brain physicality define two distinct chronotypes

(a person’s characteristic sleep pattern), which

could roughly be defined as “night owls” and

“morning larks.” Morning larks, those who

naturally wake up early and are energized in the

pre-lunch hours, are more suited to the typical

work schedule, while the propensities of night

owls put them at odds with it, leading them to

suffer from chronic social jetlag.

Only an estimated 10 percent of the global

population are morning larks, and roughly twenty

percent are night owls, with the rest of us falling

somewhere in between. Night owls are more

prone to depression and are more likely to smoke

and drink, and while they’re potentially smarter,

their academic abilities fall short of early birds

(possibly because they were half-asleep for most

of school). It gets worse: A study published in 2013

found that night owls are more likely to have a

cluster of personality traits known as the “Dark

Triad” — narcissism, Machiavellianism, and

psychopathy. Morning larks, conversely, have

been found to be more moral.

One’s circadian rhythm does change over time

— babies are often up at dawn, while teenagers are

zombie-esque until the afternoon — and there are

certain things you can do to adjust your natural

rhythms, such as avoiding light in the hours before

bed, seeking light upon waking, and regimenting

sleep and wake time. But there’s a great deal of

evidence that our essential propensity for larkness

or owlishness is rooted in genetics. Genetic

variation can affect a person’s sleep and wake

cycle by up to an hour, and, gruesomely, can help

predict what time of a day a person will die.

One thing both groups (and those of us in

between) have in common: We probably aren’t

getting enough sleep. A December, 2013 Gallup

poll found that Americans average less than seven

hours of sleep a night — more than an hour less than

Americans slept per night in 1942. From 2006 to

2011, the market for over-the-counter sleep aids

grew 31 percent.

Adapted from: World Science Festival | September 11, 2014 http://theweek.com/article/index/267811/is-there-really-such-a-thingas- a-morning-person. 

The sentence the market for over-the-counter sleep aids grew 31 percent (lines 58 and 59) suggests that

I – Americans’ sleep pattern improved along the years.
II – the number of people who need medicine to sleep grew among Americans.
III – the average time of sleeping in America increased 31 percent.
IV – compared to the year 1942, the sleep quality among Americans improved 31 percent.

Choose the correct alternative.