Questões de Inglês

[1] Teflon was Invented by Accident 

  Today I found out Teflon was invented by accident.  

  The man who accidentally invented it was Dr. Roy Plunkett. After receiving his BA, MS, and eventually PhD in  

[5] organic chemistry, Dr. Plunkett took a job with DuPont, in Jackson New Jersey. He was subsequently assigned to work  

on synthesizing various new forms of refrigerant, trying to find a non-toxic alternative to refrigerants like sulfur dioxide and  

ammonia.  

  According to DuPont, in 1938, 27 year old Dr. Plunkett and his assistant, Jack Rebok, were experimenting with  

one such potential alternative refrigerant, tetrafluorethylene (TFE). Dr. Plunkett subsequently created around 100 pounds  

[10] of TFE and stored the gas in small cylinders.  

  On April 6, 1938, upon opening the valve on one of the pressurized cylinders of TFE that had previously been  

frozen, nothing came out, even though by its weight, it seemed to still be full. Dr. Plunkett and Jack Rebok then decided  

to investigate further by cutting the cylinder open. Once they managed to get it open, they discovered that the TFE gas  

inside had polymerized into a waxy white powder, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin.  

[15]   Ever the scientist, Plunkett then proceeded to run tests on this new substance to see if it had any unique or useful  

properties. Four of the most important properties of this substance discovered were that it was extremely slippery (one of  

the slipperiest substances known to man), non-corrosive, chemically stable, and that it had an extremely high melting  

point. These properties were deemed interesting enough that the study of the substance was transferred to DuPont’s  

Central Research Department and assigned to chemists that had special experience in polymer research and  

[20] development, while Dr. Plunkett was then promoted and transferred to a separate division that produced tetraethyl (sic),  

used to boost gasoline octane levels.  

  Three years later, the process and name of Teflon were patented and trademarked. Four years after that, Teflon  

first began being sold, initially only used for various industrial and military applications due to the expense of producing  

TFE. By the 1960s, various forms of Teflon were being used in a variety of applications, such as stain repellant in fabrics  

[25] and electrical wire insulation. It was also in the 1960s that Teflon began being used in its most publicly known application,  

as a coating for non-stick pans. Today, Teflon or other brands of the same product are also used in windshield wipers;  

carpets and furniture (as a stain repellant); light bulbs; coating on glasses; in various hair products; in semiconductor  

manufacturing; automotive lubricant; igniters for solid-fuel rocket propellants; and in infrared decoy flares, among other  

things.  

Adaptado de www.todayIfoundout.com (acesso em 19/07/2015). 

De acordo com o texto, o tipo de indústria que não se beneficia com as propriedades do Teflon é a indústria 

[1] Teflon was Invented by Accident 

  Today I found out Teflon was invented by accident.  

  The man who accidentally invented it was Dr. Roy Plunkett. After receiving his BA, MS, and eventually PhD in  

[5] organic chemistry, Dr. Plunkett took a job with DuPont, in Jackson New Jersey. He was subsequently assigned to work  

on synthesizing various new forms of refrigerant, trying to find a non-toxic alternative to refrigerants like sulfur dioxide and  

ammonia.  

  According to DuPont, in 1938, 27 year old Dr. Plunkett and his assistant, Jack Rebok, were experimenting with  

one such potential alternative refrigerant, tetrafluorethylene (TFE). Dr. Plunkett subsequently created around 100 pounds  

[10] of TFE and stored the gas in small cylinders.  

  On April 6, 1938, upon opening the valve on one of the pressurized cylinders of TFE that had previously been  

frozen, nothing came out, even though by its weight, it seemed to still be full. Dr. Plunkett and Jack Rebok then decided  

to investigate further by cutting the cylinder open. Once they managed to get it open, they discovered that the TFE gas  

inside had polymerized into a waxy white powder, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin.  

[15]   Ever the scientist, Plunkett then proceeded to run tests on this new substance to see if it had any unique or useful  

properties. Four of the most important properties of this substance discovered were that it was extremely slippery (one of  

the slipperiest substances known to man), non-corrosive, chemically stable, and that it had an extremely high melting  

point. These properties were deemed interesting enough that the study of the substance was transferred to DuPont’s  

Central Research Department and assigned to chemists that had special experience in polymer research and  

[20] development, while Dr. Plunkett was then promoted and transferred to a separate division that produced tetraethyl (sic),  

used to boost gasoline octane levels.  

  Three years later, the process and name of Teflon were patented and trademarked. Four years after that, Teflon  

first began being sold, initially only used for various industrial and military applications due to the expense of producing  

TFE. By the 1960s, various forms of Teflon were being used in a variety of applications, such as stain repellant in fabrics  

[25] and electrical wire insulation. It was also in the 1960s that Teflon began being used in its most publicly known application,  

as a coating for non-stick pans. Today, Teflon or other brands of the same product are also used in windshield wipers;  

carpets and furniture (as a stain repellant); light bulbs; coating on glasses; in various hair products; in semiconductor  

manufacturing; automotive lubricant; igniters for solid-fuel rocket propellants; and in infrared decoy flares, among other  

things.  

Adaptado de www.todayIfoundout.com (acesso em 19/07/2015). 

De acordo com o texto, 

[1] Brazil’s business Belindia – Why the country produces fewer world-class companies than it should 

BRAZILIANS make up almost 3% of the planet’s population and produce about 3% of its output. Yet of the firms in  

Fortune magazine’s 2014 “Global 500” ranking of the biggest companies by revenue only seven, or 1.4%, were from  

[5] Brazil, down from eight in 2013. And on Forbes’s list of the 2,000 most highly valued firms worldwide just 25, or 1.3%,  

were Brazilian. The country’s biggest corporate “star”, Petrobras, is mired in scandals, its debt downgraded to junk status.  

In 1974 Edmar Bacha, an economist, described its economy as “Belindia”, a Belgium-sized island of prosperity in a sea of  

India-like poverty. Since then Brazil has done far better than India in alleviating poverty, but in business terms it still has a  

Belindia problem: a handful of world-class enterprises in a sea of poorly run ones.  

[10]   Brazilian businesses face a litany of obstacles: bureaucracy, complex tax rules, shoddy infrastructure and a  

shortage of skilled workers—to say nothing of a stagnant economy. But a big reason for Brazilian firms’  

underperformance is less well rehearsed: poor management. Since 2004 John van Reenen of the London School of  

Economics and his colleagues have surveyed 11,300 midsized firms in 34 countries, grading them on a five-point scale  

based on how well they monitor their operations, set targets and reward performance. Brazilian firms’ average score, at  

[15] 2.7, is similar to that of China’s and a bit above that of India’s. But Brazil ranks below Chile (2.8) and Mexico (2.9);

America leads the pack with 3.3. The best Brazilian firms score as well as the best American ones, but its long tail of  

badly run ones is fatter.  

  Part of the explanation is that medium and large firms tend to be better-organised than small ones, and not only  

because well-run ones are likelier to grow. Brazil offers incentives aplenty to stay bitty, such as preferential tax treatment  

[20] for firms with a turnover of no more than 3.6m reais ($1.3m). As they expand, many firms split rather than face increased  

scrutiny from the taxman. According to the World Bank, a midsized Brazilian firm spends 2,600 hours filing taxes each  

year. In Mexico, it is 330 hours.  

  Ownership patterns play a part too. Many Brazilian concerns are controlled by an individual shareholder, or one or  

two families. Two-thirds of those with sales of more than $1 billion a year are family-owned, notes Heinz-Peter Elstrodt of  

[25] McKinsey, a consulting firm. That is less than in Mexico (96%) or South Korea (84%) but more than in America or Europe.  

Mr Van Reenen’s research shows that where family owners plump for outside chief executives, their firms do no worse  

than similarly sized ones with more diverse shareholders. But all too often they pick kin over professional managers—and  

performance suffers. This is particularly true in “low-trust” societies like Brazil, where bosses hire relatives instead of  

better-qualified strangers to avoid being robbed or sued for falling foul of overly worker-friendly labour laws.  

[30]   Decades of economic turmoil—which ended when hyperinflation was vanquished in 1994—meant that companies  

were managed from crisis to crisis. This forced Brazilian firms to be nimble. But it also encouraged short-termism, which  

management consultants and academics finger as Brazilian managers’ number-one sin. Faced with a record drought in  

2014, and a subsequent spike in energy prices in a hydropower-dependent country, Usiminas, a steelmaker, stopped  

smelting and started selling power it had bought on cheap long-term contracts. Energy sales made up most of its  

[35] operating profits that year. Such short-term stunts are hardly the path to long-term greatness.  

  Worse, crisis management all too often consists of going cap in hand to the government. Brazilian bosses continue  

to waste hours in meetings with politicians that could be better spent improving their businesses. In January 2014, as  

vehicle sales flagged, the automotive industry’s reflex reaction was to descend on the capital, Brasília, and demand an  

extension of its costly tax breaks. Thanks to lifelines cast by the state, feeble firms stay afloat rather than sink and make  

[40] room for more agile competitors. Shielded from competition by tariffs, subsidies and local-content rules, they have little  

reason to innovate. A locally invented gizmo which lets cars run on both petrol and biodiesel is nifty. But, asks Marcos  

Lisboa of Insper, a business school, does that really justify six decades of public support for the motor industry?  

The dead hand of government  

[45] 

Indeed, a glance at the “Belgian” end of Brazil’s corporate landscape suggests that successful firms cluster in  

sectors the state has not tried desperately to help, such as retail or finance. Bradesco, a big lender, is internationally  

praised as a pioneer of automated banking. Each month Arezzo creates 1,000 new models of women’s shoes, and picks  

170-odd to sell in its shops.  

[50]   Brazil’s other world-beaters are in industries like agriculture and aerospace, which are free to compete at home  

and abroad, and in which the government sticks to its proper role. In 1990 farms were allowed to consolidate and to buy  

foreign machines, pesticides and fertiliser. Efforts by Brazil’s trade negotiators opened up export markets. JBS, a meat  

giant, can slaughter 100,000 head of cattle a day, selling more beef than any rival worldwide. Thanks in part to Embrapa,  

the national agriculture-research agency, Brazilian farms have been raising productivity by about 4% a year for two  

[55] decades. Similarly, a supply of skilled engineers and know-how from the government’s Technological Institute of  

Aeronautics has helped turn Embraer, privatised in 1994, into one of the world’s most successful aircraft-makers.  

  The success of businesses such as these offers a lesson for the state. The best way to make Brazil’s  

underperforming firms more competitive would be to make them compete more. Coddling by the state can be more a  

curse than a blessing. Ronald Reagan’s dictum that the nine most terrifying words in the English language are, “I’m from  

[60] the government and I’m here to help,” translates well into Flemish, Hindi and Brazilian Portuguese.  

By Schumpeter. In: The Economist. Feb 28^th,2015. 

Considere as seguintes afirmativas:

I. Em “This forced Brazilian firms to be nimble. But it also encouraged short-termism, which management consultants...” (linhas 31/32), os pronomes sublinhados possuem o mesmo referente.

II. Em “The best Brazilian firms score as well as the best American ones...” (linha 16) e em “Brazil offers incentives aplenty to stay bitty, such as preferential tax treatment…” (linha 19) os termos sublinhados têm o mesmo sentido.

III. Em “This is particularly true in “low-trust” societies like Brazil…” (linha 28) e em “Bradesco, a big lender, is internationally praised as a pioneer…” (linhas 47/48) os termos sublinhados têm o mesmo sentido.

IV. Em “...which ended when hyperinflation was vanquished in 1994” (linha 30) e em “…the automotive industry’s reflex reaction was to descend on the capital…” (linha 38), as formas verbais sublinhadas estão na voz passiva.

Está(ão) correta(s) 

[1] Brazil’s business Belindia – Why the country produces fewer world-class companies than it should 

BRAZILIANS make up almost 3% of the planet’s population and produce about 3% of its output. Yet of the firms in  

Fortune magazine’s 2014 “Global 500” ranking of the biggest companies by revenue only seven, or 1.4%, were from  

[5] Brazil, down from eight in 2013. And on Forbes’s list of the 2,000 most highly valued firms worldwide just 25, or 1.3%,  

were Brazilian. The country’s biggest corporate “star”, Petrobras, is mired in scandals, its debt downgraded to junk status.  

In 1974 Edmar Bacha, an economist, described its economy as “Belindia”, a Belgium-sized island of prosperity in a sea of  

India-like poverty. Since then Brazil has done far better than India in alleviating poverty, but in business terms it still has a  

Belindia problem: a handful of world-class enterprises in a sea of poorly run ones.  

[10]   Brazilian businesses face a litany of obstacles: bureaucracy, complex tax rules, shoddy infrastructure and a  

shortage of skilled workers—to say nothing of a stagnant economy. But a big reason for Brazilian firms’  

underperformance is less well rehearsed: poor management. Since 2004 John van Reenen of the London School of  

Economics and his colleagues have surveyed 11,300 midsized firms in 34 countries, grading them on a five-point scale  

based on how well they monitor their operations, set targets and reward performance. Brazilian firms’ average score, at  

[15] 2.7, is similar to that of China’s and a bit above that of India’s. But Brazil ranks below Chile (2.8) and Mexico (2.9);

America leads the pack with 3.3. The best Brazilian firms score as well as the best American ones, but its long tail of  

badly run ones is fatter.  

  Part of the explanation is that medium and large firms tend to be better-organised than small ones, and not only  

because well-run ones are likelier to grow. Brazil offers incentives aplenty to stay bitty, such as preferential tax treatment  

[20] for firms with a turnover of no more than 3.6m reais ($1.3m). As they expand, many firms split rather than face increased  

scrutiny from the taxman. According to the World Bank, a midsized Brazilian firm spends 2,600 hours filing taxes each  

year. In Mexico, it is 330 hours.  

  Ownership patterns play a part too. Many Brazilian concerns are controlled by an individual shareholder, or one or  

two families. Two-thirds of those with sales of more than $1 billion a year are family-owned, notes Heinz-Peter Elstrodt of  

[25] McKinsey, a consulting firm. That is less than in Mexico (96%) or South Korea (84%) but more than in America or Europe.  

Mr Van Reenen’s research shows that where family owners plump for outside chief executives, their firms do no worse  

than similarly sized ones with more diverse shareholders. But all too often they pick kin over professional managers—and  

performance suffers. This is particularly true in “low-trust” societies like Brazil, where bosses hire relatives instead of  

better-qualified strangers to avoid being robbed or sued for falling foul of overly worker-friendly labour laws.  

[30]   Decades of economic turmoil—which ended when hyperinflation was vanquished in 1994—meant that companies  

were managed from crisis to crisis. This forced Brazilian firms to be nimble. But it also encouraged short-termism, which  

management consultants and academics finger as Brazilian managers’ number-one sin. Faced with a record drought in  

2014, and a subsequent spike in energy prices in a hydropower-dependent country, Usiminas, a steelmaker, stopped  

smelting and started selling power it had bought on cheap long-term contracts. Energy sales made up most of its  

[35] operating profits that year. Such short-term stunts are hardly the path to long-term greatness.  

  Worse, crisis management all too often consists of going cap in hand to the government. Brazilian bosses continue  

to waste hours in meetings with politicians that could be better spent improving their businesses. In January 2014, as  

vehicle sales flagged, the automotive industry’s reflex reaction was to descend on the capital, Brasília, and demand an  

extension of its costly tax breaks. Thanks to lifelines cast by the state, feeble firms stay afloat rather than sink and make  

[40] room for more agile competitors. Shielded from competition by tariffs, subsidies and local-content rules, they have little  

reason to innovate. A locally invented gizmo which lets cars run on both petrol and biodiesel is nifty. But, asks Marcos  

Lisboa of Insper, a business school, does that really justify six decades of public support for the motor industry?  

The dead hand of government  

[45] 

Indeed, a glance at the “Belgian” end of Brazil’s corporate landscape suggests that successful firms cluster in  

sectors the state has not tried desperately to help, such as retail or finance. Bradesco, a big lender, is internationally  

praised as a pioneer of automated banking. Each month Arezzo creates 1,000 new models of women’s shoes, and picks  

170-odd to sell in its shops.  

[50]   Brazil’s other world-beaters are in industries like agriculture and aerospace, which are free to compete at home  

and abroad, and in which the government sticks to its proper role. In 1990 farms were allowed to consolidate and to buy  

foreign machines, pesticides and fertiliser. Efforts by Brazil’s trade negotiators opened up export markets. JBS, a meat  

giant, can slaughter 100,000 head of cattle a day, selling more beef than any rival worldwide. Thanks in part to Embrapa,  

the national agriculture-research agency, Brazilian farms have been raising productivity by about 4% a year for two  

[55] decades. Similarly, a supply of skilled engineers and know-how from the government’s Technological Institute of  

Aeronautics has helped turn Embraer, privatised in 1994, into one of the world’s most successful aircraft-makers.  

  The success of businesses such as these offers a lesson for the state. The best way to make Brazil’s  

underperforming firms more competitive would be to make them compete more. Coddling by the state can be more a  

curse than a blessing. Ronald Reagan’s dictum that the nine most terrifying words in the English language are, “I’m from  

[60] the government and I’m here to help,” translates well into Flemish, Hindi and Brazilian Portuguese.  

By Schumpeter. In: The Economist. Feb 28^th,2015. 

O texto apresenta como modelos de gestão bem sucedida e independente de auxílio do governo as empresas