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TEXT:

 

Middle-aged drivers admit to using cellphones while driving, even with children in the car

New study looks at the influence of child presence and work obligations on cellphone use in car

 

A new study published in Journal of Transport & Health reveals that middle-aged drivers are at higher risk of crashes because they use their cellphone regularly while driving. The research reveals that most drivers admit to using their cellphones regularly while driving, even with children in the car; drivers also feel pressured to answer work calls while driving.

 

The authors of the study, from the University of California San Diego, are now working with companies to teach employees about the risks associated with distracted driving, and show them ways to avoid using their phones while driving.

 

More than one in four car accidents are caused by cellphone use, according to the National Safety Council (NSC). A driver’s crash risk is eight times higher if they are texting on a cellphone and, despite seeming safe, talking hands-free makes drivers four times more likely to be involved in a crash.

 

Previous studies on distracted driving have mainly focused on teenagers and young people, and programs targeting this group have decreased their number of crashes. Although older adults often use their cellphones while driving too, there is a shortage of studies on this age group.

 

The researchers modified a survey they had done previously with college students, to find out more about the driving behaviors of middle-aged adults (30-64 years old). 715 people completed the survey; 75% of them were women and their average age was 46. The survey asked participants questions about their driving behaviors and cell phone use, such as whether they text at red lights or in traffic, how often they use cellphones (handheld or hands-free), and whether they use a cellphone while driving with children in the car.

 

The results revealed that 75% of participants talk on cellphones hands-free, and almost 90% of them consider themselves capable or very capable drivers while doing so. Less than 30% of participants knew that talking on a hands-free phone increases the risk of crashing to the same degree as driving at the legal alcohol limit.

 

“Unfortunately, we weren’t surprised to see that relatively few people understand the risks of distracted driving,” said Jessa Engelberg, lead author of the study. “What we were really interested in was whether factors like children and work obligations had an effect on people’s behavior.” 

 

The researchers were surprised to find that the presence of children in the car did not affect drivers’ behavior. Drivers continued to use their mobile phones with children as passengers, even with older children that were more likely to copy their driving behavior.

 

“One of the things we were worried about in the 30-64 age group was whether they would use their phones while driving as frequently as the teenagers and young adults did, especially with kids in the car,” said Professor Linda Hill, co-author of the study. “The thing about middle-aged drivers is their passengers tend to be minors, and there’s an issue of modeling if the adults are teaching them how to drive.” 

 

More than one-third of participants said they felt pressured to answer work calls while driving, suggesting that there is an opportunity to reduce distracted driving by working with companies to educate both the employers and their employees.

Available on: . Accessed on: Aug. 21, 2015 (Adapted by MNT from original media release). 

The study also shows that

TEXT:

 

Middle-aged drivers admit to using cellphones while driving, even with children in the car

New study looks at the influence of child presence and work obligations on cellphone use in car

 

A new study published in Journal of Transport & Health reveals that middle-aged drivers are at higher risk of crashes because they use their cellphone regularly while driving. The research reveals that most drivers admit to using their cellphones regularly while driving, even with children in the car; drivers also feel pressured to answer work calls while driving.

 

The authors of the study, from the University of California San Diego, are now working with companies to teach employees about the risks associated with distracted driving, and show them ways to avoid using their phones while driving.

 

More than one in four car accidents are caused by cellphone use, according to the National Safety Council (NSC). A driver’s crash risk is eight times higher if they are texting on a cellphone and, despite seeming safe, talking hands-free makes drivers four times more likely to be involved in a crash.

 

Previous studies on distracted driving have mainly focused on teenagers and young people, and programs targeting this group have decreased their number of crashes. Although older adults often use their cellphones while driving too, there is a shortage of studies on this age group.

 

The researchers modified a survey they had done previously with college students, to find out more about the driving behaviors of middle-aged adults (30-64 years old). 715 people completed the survey; 75% of them were women and their average age was 46. The survey asked participants questions about their driving behaviors and cell phone use, such as whether they text at red lights or in traffic, how often they use cellphones (handheld or hands-free), and whether they use a cellphone while driving with children in the car.

 

The results revealed that 75% of participants talk on cellphones hands-free, and almost 90% of them consider themselves capable or very capable drivers while doing so. Less than 30% of participants knew that talking on a hands-free phone increases the risk of crashing to the same degree as driving at the legal alcohol limit.

 

“Unfortunately, we weren’t surprised to see that relatively few people understand the risks of distracted driving,” said Jessa Engelberg, lead author of the study. “What we were really interested in was whether factors like children and work obligations had an effect on people’s behavior.” 

 

The researchers were surprised to find that the presence of children in the car did not affect drivers’ behavior. Drivers continued to use their mobile phones with children as passengers, even with older children that were more likely to copy their driving behavior.

 

“One of the things we were worried about in the 30-64 age group was whether they would use their phones while driving as frequently as the teenagers and young adults did, especially with kids in the car,” said Professor Linda Hill, co-author of the study. “The thing about middle-aged drivers is their passengers tend to be minors, and there’s an issue of modeling if the adults are teaching them how to drive.” 

 

More than one-third of participants said they felt pressured to answer work calls while driving, suggesting that there is an opportunity to reduce distracted driving by working with companies to educate both the employers and their employees.

Available on: . Accessed on: Aug. 21, 2015 (Adapted by MNT from original media release). 

The study presented in this text shows that middle-aged drivers DO NOT

[1] Your Facial Bone Structure Has a Big Influence on How People See You  

 

  (…) Selfies, headshots, mug shots — photos of oneself convey more these days than snapshots ever did back in  

the Kodak era. Most digitally minded people continually post and update pictures of themselves at professional, social  

[5] media and dating sites such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Match.com and Tinder. For better or worse, viewers then tend to  

make snap judgments about someone’s personality or character from a single shot. As such, it can be a stressful task to  

select the photo that conveys the best impression of ourselves. For those of us seeking to appear friendly and trustworthy  

to others, a new study underscores an old, chipper piece of advice: Put on a happy face.  

  A newly published series of experiments by cognitive neuroscientists at New York University is reinforcing the  

[10] relevance of facial expressions to perceptions of characteristics such as trustworthiness and friendliness. More  

importantly, the research also revealed the unexpected finding that perceptions of abilities such as physical strength are  

not dependent on facial expressions but rather on facial bone structure.  

  The team’s first experiment featured photographs of 10 different people presenting five different facial expressions  

each. Study subjects rated how friendly, trustworthy or strong the person in each photo appeared. A separate group of  

[15] subjects scored each face on an emotional scale from “very angry” to “very happy.” And three experts not involved in  

either of the previous two ratings to avoid confounding results calculated the facial width-to-height ratio for each face. An  

analysis revealed that participants generally ranked people with a happy expression as friendly and trustworthy but not  

those with angry expressions. Surprisingly, participants did not rank faces as indicative of physical strength based on  

facial expression but graded faces that were very broad as that of a strong individual.  

[20]   In a second survey facial expression and facial structure were manipulated in computer-generated faces.  

Participants rated each face for the same traits as in the first survey, with the addition of a rating for warmth. Again,  

people thought a happy expression, but not an angry one, indicated friendliness, trustworthiness — and in this case,  

warmth. The researchers then showed two additional sets of participants the same faces, this time either with areas  

relevant to facial expressions obscured or the width cropped. In the first variation, for faces lacking emotional cues,  

[25] people could no longer perceive personality traits but could still perceive strength based on width. Similarly, for those  

faces lacking structural cues, people could no longer perceive strength but could still perceive personality traits based on  

facial expressions.  

  In a third iteration of the survey participants had to pick four faces out of a lineup of eight faces varied for  

expression and width that they might select either as their financial advisor or as the winner of a power-lifting competition.  

[30] As might be expected, participants picked faces with happier expressions as financial advisors and selected broader  

faces as belonging to power-lifting champs.  

  In a final survey the researchers generated more than 100 variations of one individual “base face” by varying facial  

features. Participants saw two faces at a time, and then picked one as either trustworthy or high in ability or as a good  

financial advisor or power-lifting winner. Using these results, a computer then created an average face for each of these  

[35] four categories, which were shown to a separate set of participants who had to pick which face appeared either more  

trustworthy or stronger. Most of the participants found the computer-generated averages to be good representations of  

trustworthiness or strength — and generally saw the average “financial advisor” face as more trustworthy and the “power-

lifter” face as stronger. The findings from all four surveys were published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

on June 18.

Adaptado de www.scientific.american.com/article/your-facial-bone-strecture-has-a-big-influence-on-how-people-see-you.(acesso em 20/8/2015)

 

Marque a opção em que o item sublinhado denota um qualificador. 

[1] Your Facial Bone Structure Has a Big Influence on How People See You  

 

  (…) Selfies, headshots, mug shots — photos of oneself convey more these days than snapshots ever did back in  

the Kodak era. Most digitally minded people continually post and update pictures of themselves at professional, social  

[5] media and dating sites such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Match.com and Tinder. For better or worse, viewers then tend to  

make snap judgments about someone’s personality or character from a single shot. As such, it can be a stressful task to  

select the photo that conveys the best impression of ourselves. For those of us seeking to appear friendly and trustworthy  

to others, a new study underscores an old, chipper piece of advice: Put on a happy face.  

  A newly published series of experiments by cognitive neuroscientists at New York University is reinforcing the  

[10] relevance of facial expressions to perceptions of characteristics such as trustworthiness and friendliness. More  

importantly, the research also revealed the unexpected finding that perceptions of abilities such as physical strength are  

not dependent on facial expressions but rather on facial bone structure.  

  The team’s first experiment featured photographs of 10 different people presenting five different facial expressions  

each. Study subjects rated how friendly, trustworthy or strong the person in each photo appeared. A separate group of  

[15] subjects scored each face on an emotional scale from “very angry” to “very happy.” And three experts not involved in  

either of the previous two ratings to avoid confounding results calculated the facial width-to-height ratio for each face. An  

analysis revealed that participants generally ranked people with a happy expression as friendly and trustworthy but not  

those with angry expressions. Surprisingly, participants did not rank faces as indicative of physical strength based on  

facial expression but graded faces that were very broad as that of a strong individual.  

[20]   In a second survey facial expression and facial structure were manipulated in computer-generated faces.  

Participants rated each face for the same traits as in the first survey, with the addition of a rating for warmth. Again,  

people thought a happy expression, but not an angry one, indicated friendliness, trustworthiness — and in this case,  

warmth. The researchers then showed two additional sets of participants the same faces, this time either with areas  

relevant to facial expressions obscured or the width cropped. In the first variation, for faces lacking emotional cues,  

[25] people could no longer perceive personality traits but could still perceive strength based on width. Similarly, for those  

faces lacking structural cues, people could no longer perceive strength but could still perceive personality traits based on  

facial expressions.  

  In a third iteration of the survey participants had to pick four faces out of a lineup of eight faces varied for  

expression and width that they might select either as their financial advisor or as the winner of a power-lifting competition.  

[30] As might be expected, participants picked faces with happier expressions as financial advisors and selected broader  

faces as belonging to power-lifting champs.  

  In a final survey the researchers generated more than 100 variations of one individual “base face” by varying facial  

features. Participants saw two faces at a time, and then picked one as either trustworthy or high in ability or as a good  

financial advisor or power-lifting winner. Using these results, a computer then created an average face for each of these  

[35] four categories, which were shown to a separate set of participants who had to pick which face appeared either more  

trustworthy or stronger. Most of the participants found the computer-generated averages to be good representations of  

trustworthiness or strength — and generally saw the average “financial advisor” face as more trustworthy and the “power-

lifter” face as stronger. The findings from all four surveys were published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

on June 18.

Adaptado de www.scientific.american.com/article/your-facial-bone-strecture-has-a-big-influence-on-how-people-see-you.(acesso em 20/8/2015)

 

De acordo com o terceiro estudo, 

[1] Your Facial Bone Structure Has a Big Influence on How People See You  

 

  (…) Selfies, headshots, mug shots — photos of oneself convey more these days than snapshots ever did back in  

the Kodak era. Most digitally minded people continually post and update pictures of themselves at professional, social  

[5] media and dating sites such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Match.com and Tinder. For better or worse, viewers then tend to  

make snap judgments about someone’s personality or character from a single shot. As such, it can be a stressful task to  

select the photo that conveys the best impression of ourselves. For those of us seeking to appear friendly and trustworthy  

to others, a new study underscores an old, chipper piece of advice: Put on a happy face.  

  A newly published series of experiments by cognitive neuroscientists at New York University is reinforcing the  

[10] relevance of facial expressions to perceptions of characteristics such as trustworthiness and friendliness. More  

importantly, the research also revealed the unexpected finding that perceptions of abilities such as physical strength are  

not dependent on facial expressions but rather on facial bone structure.  

  The team’s first experiment featured photographs of 10 different people presenting five different facial expressions  

each. Study subjects rated how friendly, trustworthy or strong the person in each photo appeared. A separate group of  

[15] subjects scored each face on an emotional scale from “very angry” to “very happy.” And three experts not involved in  

either of the previous two ratings to avoid confounding results calculated the facial width-to-height ratio for each face. An  

analysis revealed that participants generally ranked people with a happy expression as friendly and trustworthy but not  

those with angry expressions. Surprisingly, participants did not rank faces as indicative of physical strength based on  

facial expression but graded faces that were very broad as that of a strong individual.  

[20]   In a second survey facial expression and facial structure were manipulated in computer-generated faces.  

Participants rated each face for the same traits as in the first survey, with the addition of a rating for warmth. Again,  

people thought a happy expression, but not an angry one, indicated friendliness, trustworthiness — and in this case,  

warmth. The researchers then showed two additional sets of participants the same faces, this time either with areas  

relevant to facial expressions obscured or the width cropped. In the first variation, for faces lacking emotional cues,  

[25] people could no longer perceive personality traits but could still perceive strength based on width. Similarly, for those  

faces lacking structural cues, people could no longer perceive strength but could still perceive personality traits based on  

facial expressions.  

  In a third iteration of the survey participants had to pick four faces out of a lineup of eight faces varied for  

expression and width that they might select either as their financial advisor or as the winner of a power-lifting competition.  

[30] As might be expected, participants picked faces with happier expressions as financial advisors and selected broader  

faces as belonging to power-lifting champs.  

  In a final survey the researchers generated more than 100 variations of one individual “base face” by varying facial  

features. Participants saw two faces at a time, and then picked one as either trustworthy or high in ability or as a good  

financial advisor or power-lifting winner. Using these results, a computer then created an average face for each of these  

[35] four categories, which were shown to a separate set of participants who had to pick which face appeared either more  

trustworthy or stronger. Most of the participants found the computer-generated averages to be good representations of  

trustworthiness or strength — and generally saw the average “financial advisor” face as more trustworthy and the “power-

lifter” face as stronger. The findings from all four surveys were published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

on June 18.

Adaptado de www.scientific.american.com/article/your-facial-bone-strecture-has-a-big-influence-on-how-people-see-you.(acesso em 20/8/2015)

 

Considere as sentenças a seguir:

 

I. O primeiro estudo foi realizado com um grupo de 10 participantes e 3 avaliadores.

II. O segundo estudo ampliou o primeiro, incluindo a avaliação sobre afetuosidade.

III. O terceiro estudo calculou a força física pela razão entre altura e largura da face.

IV. O quarto estudo utilizou as mesmas imagens do primeiro estudo.

 

Está(ão) correta(as) 

[1] Your Facial Bone Structure Has a Big Influence on How People See You  

 

  (…) Selfies, headshots, mug shots — photos of oneself convey more these days than snapshots ever did back in  

the Kodak era. Most digitally minded people continually post and update pictures of themselves at professional, social  

[5] media and dating sites such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Match.com and Tinder. For better or worse, viewers then tend to  

make snap judgments about someone’s personality or character from a single shot. As such, it can be a stressful task to  

select the photo that conveys the best impression of ourselves. For those of us seeking to appear friendly and trustworthy  

to others, a new study underscores an old, chipper piece of advice: Put on a happy face.  

  A newly published series of experiments by cognitive neuroscientists at New York University is reinforcing the  

[10] relevance of facial expressions to perceptions of characteristics such as trustworthiness and friendliness. More  

importantly, the research also revealed the unexpected finding that perceptions of abilities such as physical strength are  

not dependent on facial expressions but rather on facial bone structure.  

  The team’s first experiment featured photographs of 10 different people presenting five different facial expressions  

each. Study subjects rated how friendly, trustworthy or strong the person in each photo appeared. A separate group of  

[15] subjects scored each face on an emotional scale from “very angry” to “very happy.” And three experts not involved in  

either of the previous two ratings to avoid confounding results calculated the facial width-to-height ratio for each face. An  

analysis revealed that participants generally ranked people with a happy expression as friendly and trustworthy but not  

those with angry expressions. Surprisingly, participants did not rank faces as indicative of physical strength based on  

facial expression but graded faces that were very broad as that of a strong individual.  

[20]   In a second survey facial expression and facial structure were manipulated in computer-generated faces.  

Participants rated each face for the same traits as in the first survey, with the addition of a rating for warmth. Again,  

people thought a happy expression, but not an angry one, indicated friendliness, trustworthiness — and in this case,  

warmth. The researchers then showed two additional sets of participants the same faces, this time either with areas  

relevant to facial expressions obscured or the width cropped. In the first variation, for faces lacking emotional cues,  

[25] people could no longer perceive personality traits but could still perceive strength based on width. Similarly, for those  

faces lacking structural cues, people could no longer perceive strength but could still perceive personality traits based on  

facial expressions.  

  In a third iteration of the survey participants had to pick four faces out of a lineup of eight faces varied for  

expression and width that they might select either as their financial advisor or as the winner of a power-lifting competition.  

[30] As might be expected, participants picked faces with happier expressions as financial advisors and selected broader  

faces as belonging to power-lifting champs.  

  In a final survey the researchers generated more than 100 variations of one individual “base face” by varying facial  

features. Participants saw two faces at a time, and then picked one as either trustworthy or high in ability or as a good  

financial advisor or power-lifting winner. Using these results, a computer then created an average face for each of these  

[35] four categories, which were shown to a separate set of participants who had to pick which face appeared either more  

trustworthy or stronger. Most of the participants found the computer-generated averages to be good representations of  

trustworthiness or strength — and generally saw the average “financial advisor” face as more trustworthy and the “power-

lifter” face as stronger. The findings from all four surveys were published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

on June 18.

Adaptado de www.scientific.american.com/article/your-facial-bone-strecture-has-a-big-influence-on-how-people-see-you.(acesso em 20/8/2015)

 

De acordo com o texto,