Questões de Inglês

TEXT C

 

This is Just to Say

 

I have eaten

the plums

that were in

the icebox

 

and which

you were probably

saving

for breakfast

 

Forgive me

they were delicious

so sweet

and so cold

William Carlos Williams

The verb Forgive in TEXT C indicates that the speaker is apparently

TEXT C

 

This is Just to Say

 

I have eaten

the plums

that were in

the icebox

 

and which

you were probably

saving

for breakfast

 

Forgive me

they were delicious

so sweet

and so cold

William Carlos Williams

The PRONOUN they in TEXT C refers to

TEXT C

 

This is Just to Say

 

I have eaten

the plums

that were in

the icebox

 

and which

you were probably

saving

for breakfast

 

Forgive me

they were delicious

so sweet

and so cold

William Carlos Williams

TEXT C contains

TEXT B

How the brain constructs flavor

The tongue detects basic tastes, but the nose – with hundreds of receptors for chemicals that waft off food – contributes more to flavor. According to neurobiologist Gordon Shepherd, the brain draws on all the senses to assemble a complex “flavor image” that lingers in our memory.

ANTICIPATION

A flavor experience may begin with a past meal: The memory activates dopamine reward centers, leading us to crave the flavors to come. We salivate.

SENSORY OVERTURE

A brain primed for pleasure begins to receive sensory impulses from the food as we move it to our mouth, see its colors and shapes, and inhale its aromas.

SOUNDS DELICIOUS

We chew. Sound and mouthfeel add key information: Is the food gooey, crunchy, or crispy? Receptors in our taste buds register sweet, salty, sour [and] bitter[…].

SENSATIONS MERGE TO CREATE FLAVOR

Volatile chemicals waft off food as we chew and swallow it, and as we exhale, they’re carried into the nasal cavity from behind. The brain combines information from all the senses to produce the experience of flavor. And though we think it originates in the mouth, most of it actually comes from these “retronasal” smells detected by receptors in the nose. They build the memory that prepares us for the next experience.

National Geographic, December 2015

The majority of the verbs in TEXT B are in the Simple Present Tense because

TEXT B

How the brain constructs flavor

The tongue detects basic tastes, but the nose – with hundreds of receptors for chemicals that waft off food – contributes more to flavor. According to neurobiologist Gordon Shepherd, the brain draws on all the senses to assemble a complex “flavor image” that lingers in our memory.

ANTICIPATION

A flavor experience may begin with a past meal: The memory activates dopamine reward centers, leading us to crave the flavors to come. We salivate.

SENSORY OVERTURE

A brain primed for pleasure begins to receive sensory impulses from the food as we move it to our mouth, see its colors and shapes, and inhale its aromas.

SOUNDS DELICIOUS

We chew. Sound and mouthfeel add key information: Is the food gooey, crunchy, or crispy? Receptors in our taste buds register sweet, salty, sour [and] bitter[…].

SENSATIONS MERGE TO CREATE FLAVOR

Volatile chemicals waft off food as we chew and swallow it, and as we exhale, they’re carried into the nasal cavity from behind. The brain combines information from all the senses to produce the experience of flavor. And though we think it originates in the mouth, most of it actually comes from these “retronasal” smells detected by receptors in the nose. They build the memory that prepares us for the next experience.

National Geographic, December 2015

Which sense organ is most important in the detection of flavor, according to TEXT B?

TEXT A

Don’t panic. Kill mosquitoes

Pandemics make for good horror films. Few things are scarier than a dangerous, incurable new disease that spreads quickly. And globalisation means that plagues can travel far, wide and terrifyingly fast. […] The newest horror is Zika. This mosquito borne virus, which originated in Africa, was spotted in Brazil last year. It is now moving across Latin America and the Caribbean, with cases in more than 20 countries. Originally, it was thought to cause little worse than a rash and fever. Now, propelling the disease into the realm of nightmares, doctors suspect that when pregnant women catch it, their babies may be permanently damaged. Zika is the prime suspect for a sharp increase in the number of babies with microcephaly in Brazil. Children are born with abnormally small heads and are likely to be brain-damaged. They may suffer severe learning difficulties, seizures and other problems. Many will die young.

Scientists are trying to confirm the link between Zika and microcephaly. Some suspect that the virus may also occasionally cause serious damage to nerves and the immune system in infected adults. Though a mosquito bite is the main way to catch it, there are fears that it can also be transmitted sexually. [...]

Zika has no cure and a vaccine will not be available for at least a decade. But that is no cause for despair. […] Two things are known for certain. The first is that the main, possibly only, transmission route is via mosquitoes, which pick up the virus from infected people and pass it on when the pests next take a meal. The second is how to cut the number of mosquitoes – and preferably eradicate them. […]

Research into novel ways to kill mosquitoes […] deserves more funding. Genetic modification, which produces mosquitoes that are sterile but still attractive to other mosquitoes, shows promise. A trial in Brazil suggests that releasing swarms of modified insects can reduce the unmodified population in months.

All this will be pricey. But it would bring not one, but several, dread diseases under control. Aedes aegypti does not carry malaria, but the methods used to kill it will also kill Anopheles, which does. The moment has come again to take the fight to the mosquitoes – and this time to finish the job.

The expressions which are underlined in bold in TEXT A indicate