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Huge coral reef discovered at Amazon river mouth

Scientists astonished to find 600-mile long reef under the muddy water in a site already marked for oil exploration

John Vidal
April 22, 2016

  A huge 3,600 square mile (9,300 km²) coral reef system has been found below the muddy waters off the mouth of the river Amazon, astonishing scientists, governments and oil companies who have started to explore on top of it. The existence of the 600-mile long reef, which ranges from about 30-120m deep and stretches from French Guiana to Brazil’s Maranhão state, was not suspected because many of the world’s great rivers produce major gaps in reef systems where no corals grow.

  In addition, there was little previous evidence because corals mostly thrive in clear, sunlit, salt water, and the equatorial waters near the mouth of the Amazon are some of the muddiest in the world, with vast quantities of sediment washed thousands of miles down the river and swept hundreds of miles out to sea.

  But the reef is said to be in grave danger. The Brazilian government has sold 80 blocks for oil exploration and drilling at the mouth of the Amazon and 20 of these are already producing oil – some, it is thought, right on top of the reef.

(www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.)

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Shakespeare’s 400th anniversary: ‘man of Stratford’ to be celebrated in 2016 Maev Kennedy

  The world shares him and London claims him
but Stratford-upon-Avon intends to spend 2016
celebrating William Shakespeare as their man: the
bard of Avon, born in the Warwickshire market town
[5] in 1564, who died there 400 years ago.
  Stratford remained hugely important during
Shakespeare’s life, says Paul Edmondson, the head of
learning and research at the Shakespeare Birthplace
Trust. “People often see Shakespeare as someone
[10] who turned his back on Stratford and his family, went
to London to earn his fortune and only came back to
die,” he said. “But Stratford is where he bought land
and property, where he kept his library, where he lived
and read and thought. We are going to spend the year
[15] re-emphasizing the importance of Shakespeare, the
man of Stratford.”
  The anniversary of the death of the man from
Stratford, the most famous and the most performed
playwright in the world, will be celebrated across
[20] Britain and the globe. Macbeth will open in Singapore,
Romeo and Juliet in Brussels. Shakespeare’s Globe is
completing the first world tour in the history of theatre.
It has taken Hamlet to every country except North
Korea. In London, they are also creating a 37-screen
[25] pop-up cinema, one screen to showcase each of
Shakespeare’s plays.
  The National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare
Company and nearly every other theatre production
company in the country will celebrate the anniversary.
[30] Interpretations of the plays will range from the highly
traditional to the experimental. There will also be
hundreds of lectures, recitals, international academic
conferences, films, concerts, operas and major
exhibitions.
[35]   For a man famous in his own lifetime, there is little
documentary evidence for Shakespeare’s life and
times. The plays would probably not have survived if
his friends and fellow actors had not gathered together
every bit of every play they could find – drafts, prompt
[40] scripts, scribbled actors’ parts and 17 plays not known
in any other version – into the precious First Folio
published in 1623, seven years after Shakespeare’s
death.

Adapted from The Guardian: shakespeares-400th-anniversaryintermediate/555073.article; 1 January, 2016

INSTRUCTION: Answer question in relation to text.

TEXT

Shakespeare’s 400th anniversary: ‘man of Stratford’ to be celebrated in 2016 Maev Kennedy

  The world shares him and London claims him
but Stratford-upon-Avon intends to spend 2016
celebrating William Shakespeare as their man: the
bard of Avon, born in the Warwickshire market town
[5] in 1564, who died there 400 years ago.
  Stratford remained hugely important during
Shakespeare’s life, says Paul Edmondson, the head of
learning and research at the Shakespeare Birthplace
Trust. “People often see Shakespeare as someone
[10] who turned his back on Stratford and his family, went
to London to earn his fortune and only came back to
die,” he said. “But Stratford is where he bought land
and property, where he kept his library, where he lived
and read and thought. We are going to spend the year
[15] re-emphasizing the importance of Shakespeare, the
man of Stratford.”
  The anniversary of the death of the man from
Stratford, the most famous and the most performed
playwright in the world, will be celebrated across
[20] Britain and the globe. Macbeth will open in Singapore,
Romeo and Juliet in Brussels. Shakespeare’s Globe is
completing the first world tour in the history of theatre.
It has taken Hamlet to every country except North
Korea. In London, they are also creating a 37-screen
[25] pop-up cinema, one screen to showcase each of
Shakespeare’s plays.
  The National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare
Company and nearly every other theatre production
company in the country will celebrate the anniversary.
[30] Interpretations of the plays will range from the highly
traditional to the experimental. There will also be
hundreds of lectures, recitals, international academic
conferences, films, concerts, operas and major
exhibitions.
[35]   For a man famous in his own lifetime, there is little
documentary evidence for Shakespeare’s life and
times. The plays would probably not have survived if
his friends and fellow actors had not gathered together
every bit of every play they could find – drafts, prompt
[40] scripts, scribbled actors’ parts and 17 plays not known
in any other version – into the precious First Folio
published in 1623, seven years after Shakespeare’s
death.

Adapted from The Guardian: shakespeares-400th-anniversaryintermediate/555073.article; 1 January, 2016