Questões de Inglês

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(CNN) Researchers at Yale University say they have been able to restore blood circulation and other cellular functions in pigs a full hour after the animals' deaths, suggesting that cells don't die as quickly as scientists had assumed. With more research, the cutting-edge technique could someday potentially help preserve human organs for longer, allowing more people to receive transplants.

The researchers used a system they developed called OrganEx, which enables oxygen to be recirculated throughout a dead pig's body, preserving cells and some organs after a cardiac arrest.

(Available in: https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/03/health/dead-pigs-restore-cellular-function-scn/index.html.)

 

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'I survived two sandstorms and nearly ran out of water in the Sahara Desert,' says man who biked from London to Lagos

 

Kunle Adeyanju is a self-confessed daredevil who has climbed Mount Kilimanjaro twice and cycled from Lagos to Accra over three days.

But it is his latest adventure that is creating a buzz after he successfully completed a motorcycle ride from London to Lagos.

The journey took 41 days as he traveled 13,000 kilometers (8,080 miles) through 11 countries and 31 cities.

Adeyanju embarked on the trip partly to raise money for polio, in conjunction with the Rotary Club of Ikoyi Metro, Nigeria, where he is president-elect. He says he chose the cause because of a childhood friend who suffered from the debilitating illness.

"Polio is a personal thing for me... as a boy, my best friend had polio and when we go swimming or play football, he could do none of those things. Sadly, my friend passed away some years back. If he hadn't had polio, he probably will still be alive today."

(Available in: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/kunle-adeyanju-london-to-lagos-lgs-cmd-intl/index.html.)

According to the text, Kunle Adeyanju took the journey from London to Lagos in order to:

According to Mother Teresa, the worst kind of poverty is.

According to this quote, women are encouraged to

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His Next Move: A Ukrainian Boy Starts a New Life Through Chess

 

    A group of men sat hunched over chessboards, under the sloping ceiling beams of the Eagle and Child pub in York, in northern England. Among them sat Maksym Kryshtafor, an 8- year-old Ukrainian boy with freckles and an impish smile, who navigated his pieces across the board with intense focus.

    “He’s really good for his age; there’s no question about that,” said Paul Townsend, 62, an avid chess player and member of England’s chess federation. Mr. Townsend and his family are hosting Maksym and his mother after the federation asked if they would be willing to sponsor the pair.

    More than six million refugees have left Ukraine for Europe, according to the United Nations, each facing the challenges of a life ripped apart by war: a strange land, an unfamiliar language and tenuous ties to support systems like education and health care.

    Just four days after arriving in Britain, Maksym drew the attention of the local news media when he won a tournament in County Durham, about 45 minutes north of York by train. He quickly became known on the local chess circuit.

    “Chess is all his life, and now it’s all my life,” said Maksym’s mother, Iryna Kryshtafor.

    Chess has helped Maksym deal with the complex emotions of leaving his home and adjusting to life in Britain, which has not always been easy. Without a good grasp of English, he was placed with younger students for some of his lessons in school, and it has been hard for him to connect with other children, his mother said. He misses his grandparents, who lived with them in the Ukrainian city of Odesa and who stayed behind.

    When the war broke out in February, countless mothers across Ukraine were focused on how to save their children while maintaining a sense of stability, and Ms. Kryshtafor was no different. While she forgot to bring a proper winter coat for herself, she packed the things she knew were the most important to Maksym: a chess book, a laptop for him to practice his games on and the white polo shirt and red fleece that he wears for every competition.

    They went first to Romania, where they stayed for weeks. Then Ms. Kryshtafor reached out to the English Chess Federation to see if someone would host her and Maksym so he could continue playing and return to school. She was eventually connected with Mr. Townsend and his wife, Helen, who offered them an annex in their spacious house near York, under a program that allowed British families to host Ukrainians fleeing the war for six months. So far, despite procedural difficulties, more than 65,000 people have headed to Britain from Ukraine under the program.

Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/13/world/europe/chessukraine-refugee-britain.html?utm_campaign= likeshopme&utm_medium =instagram&utm_source=dash%20hudson&utm_content=ig-nytimes (Adapted)

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Remarkable Intelligence: Octopus and Human Brains Share the Same “Jumping Genes”

 

An exceptional organism with an extremely complex brain and cognitive abilities makes the octopus very unique among invertebrates. The neural and cognitive complexity of these animals could originate from a molecular analogy with the human brain, as discovered by a research paper that was recently published in BMC Biology and coordinated by Remo Sanges from Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) of Trieste and by Graziano Fiorito from Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn of Naples.

    This research shows that the same ‘jumping genes’ are active both in the human brain and in the brain of two species, Octopus vulgaris, the common octopus, and Octopus bimaculoides, the Californian octopus. A discovery that could help us understand the secret of the intelligence of these remarkable organisms.

    Sequencing the human genome revealed as early as 2001 that over 45% of it is composed of sequences called transposons, so-called ‘jumping genes’ that, through molecular copy-and-paste or cut-and-paste mechanisms, can ‘move’ from one point to another of an individual’s genome, shuffling or duplicating.

    In most cases, these mobile elements remain silent: they have no visible effects and have lost their ability to move.

    Among these mobile elements, the most relevant are those belonging to the so-called LINE (Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements) family, found in a hundred copies in the human genome and still potentially active. It has been traditionally though that LINEs’ activity was just a vestige of the past, a remnant of the evolutionary processes that involved these mobile elements, but in recent years new evidence emerged showing that their activity is finely regulated in the brain. There are many scientists who believe that LINE transposons are associated with cognitive abilities such as learning and memory: they are particularly active in the hippocampus, the most important structure of our brain for the neural control of learning processes.

    The octopus’ genome, like ours, is rich in ‘jumping genes’, most of which are inactive. Focusing on the transposons still capable of copy-and-paste, the researchers identified an element of the LINE family in parts of the brain crucial for the cognitive abilities of these animals.

   “The discovery of an element of the LINE family, active in the brain of the two octopuses species, is very significant because it adds support to the idea that these elements have a specific function that goes beyond copy-and-paste,” explains Remo Sanges, director of the Computational Genomics laboratory at SISSA.

    “I literally jumped on the chair when, under the microscope, I saw a very strong signal of activity of this element in the vertical lobe, the structure of the brain which in the octopus is the seat of learning and cognitive abilities, just like the hippocampus in humans,” tells Giovanna Ponte from Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn.

    “The brain of the octopus is functionally analogous in many of its characteristics to that of mammals,” says Graziano Fiorito, director of the Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn. “For this reason, also, the identified LINE element represents a very interesting candidate to study to improve our knowledge on the evolution of intelligence.”.

  Available at: https://scitechdaily.com/remarkable-intelligence-octopusand-human-brains-share-the-same-jumping-genes/ (Adapted)

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