Questões de Inglês

Answer the questions based on the text below.

 

  The Brazilian government has ratified its participation in the Paris agreement on climate change, a significant step by Latin America’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases that could spur other countries to follow suit.

  With a landmass larger than the continental US, Brazil emits about 2.5% of the world’s carbon dioxide and other polluting gases, according to United Nations data. 

  “Our government is concerned about the future,” said President Michel Temer during a signing ceremony in Brasilia. “Everything we do today is not aimed at tomorrow, but rather at a future that preserves the living conditions of Brazilians.”

  Temer said Brazil’s ratification would be presented formally to the UN later this month. 

  The Paris agreement will enter into force once 55 countries representing at least 55% of global emissions have formally joined it. Climate experts say that could happen later this year. 

  Countries set their own targets for reducing emissions. The targets are not legally binding, but nations must update them every five years. Using 2005 levels as the baseline, Brazil committed to cutting emissions 37% by 2025 and an “intended reduction” of 43% by 2030.

  In the last decade, Brazil has achieved significant emissions cuts thanks to efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon and increase in the use of energy from hydropower and other renewable sources including wind, solar and biomass.

  The Paris accord got a boost earlier this month when the US president, Barack Obama, and China’s President, Xi Jinping, sealed their nations’ participation. 

  “Brazil is now the next major country to move forward. It will add even greater momentum,” said David Waskow, director of the International Climate Initiative at the Washington, DC-based think tank the World Resources Institute.

(Source:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/1 3/brazil-ratifies-paris-agreement-with-pledge-to-sharplyreduce-emissions)

 

The Paris agreement will enter into force once 55 countries representing at least 55% of global emissions have formally joined it. What does the conjunction in bold mean?

Answer the questions based on the text below.

 

  The Brazilian government has ratified its participation in the Paris agreement on climate change, a significant step by Latin America’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases that could spur other countries to follow suit.

  With a landmass larger than the continental US, Brazil emits about 2.5% of the world’s carbon dioxide and other polluting gases, according to United Nations data. 

  “Our government is concerned about the future,” said President Michel Temer during a signing ceremony in Brasilia. “Everything we do today is not aimed at tomorrow, but rather at a future that preserves the living conditions of Brazilians.”

  Temer said Brazil’s ratification would be presented formally to the UN later this month. 

  The Paris agreement will enter into force once 55 countries representing at least 55% of global emissions have formally joined it. Climate experts say that could happen later this year. 

  Countries set their own targets for reducing emissions. The targets are not legally binding, but nations must update them every five years. Using 2005 levels as the baseline, Brazil committed to cutting emissions 37% by 2025 and an “intended reduction” of 43% by 2030.

  In the last decade, Brazil has achieved significant emissions cuts thanks to efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon and increase in the use of energy from hydropower and other renewable sources including wind, solar and biomass.

  The Paris accord got a boost earlier this month when the US president, Barack Obama, and China’s President, Xi Jinping, sealed their nations’ participation. 

  “Brazil is now the next major country to move forward. It will add even greater momentum,” said David Waskow, director of the International Climate Initiative at the Washington, DC-based think tank the World Resources Institute.

(Source:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/1 3/brazil-ratifies-paris-agreement-with-pledge-to-sharplyreduce-emissions)

 

Which of the idioms below is a possible synonym for "follow suit" in the first paragraph of the text? 

Answer the questions based on the text below.

 

  The Brazilian government has ratified its participation in the Paris agreement on climate change, a significant step by Latin America’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases that could spur other countries to follow suit.

  With a landmass larger than the continental US, Brazil emits about 2.5% of the world’s carbon dioxide and other polluting gases, according to United Nations data. 

  “Our government is concerned about the future,” said President Michel Temer during a signing ceremony in Brasilia. “Everything we do today is not aimed at tomorrow, but rather at a future that preserves the living conditions of Brazilians.”

  Temer said Brazil’s ratification would be presented formally to the UN later this month. 

  The Paris agreement will enter into force once 55 countries representing at least 55% of global emissions have formally joined it. Climate experts say that could happen later this year. 

  Countries set their own targets for reducing emissions. The targets are not legally binding, but nations must update them every five years. Using 2005 levels as the baseline, Brazil committed to cutting emissions 37% by 2025 and an “intended reduction” of 43% by 2030.

  In the last decade, Brazil has achieved significant emissions cuts thanks to efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon and increase in the use of energy from hydropower and other renewable sources including wind, solar and biomass.

  The Paris accord got a boost earlier this month when the US president, Barack Obama, and China’s President, Xi Jinping, sealed their nations’ participation. 

  “Brazil is now the next major country to move forward. It will add even greater momentum,” said David Waskow, director of the International Climate Initiative at the Washington, DC-based think tank the World Resources Institute.

(Source:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/1 3/brazil-ratifies-paris-agreement-with-pledge-to-sharplyreduce-emissions)

 

Think tanks are organizations spread all around the world, and World Resources Institute (WRI), mentioned in the text (last paragraph), is one of them. Based on the context, mark the alternative which makes part of the definition of think tank?

 

I. Organizations that research in the area of environment and human well-being.

ll. Organizations that analyse problems and plan future developments also involving social policies.

lll. Organizations that research and turn ideas into action by creating human sustainable opportunities.

lV. Organizations that research analyse and plan actions exclusively at the climate changes area.

Answer the questions based on the text below.

 

  The Brazilian government has ratified its participation in the Paris agreement on climate change, a significant step by Latin America’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases that could spur other countries to follow suit.

  With a landmass larger than the continental US, Brazil emits about 2.5% of the world’s carbon dioxide and other polluting gases, according to United Nations data. 

  “Our government is concerned about the future,” said President Michel Temer during a signing ceremony in Brasilia. “Everything we do today is not aimed at tomorrow, but rather at a future that preserves the living conditions of Brazilians.”

  Temer said Brazil’s ratification would be presented formally to the UN later this month. 

  The Paris agreement will enter into force once 55 countries representing at least 55% of global emissions have formally joined it. Climate experts say that could happen later this year. 

  Countries set their own targets for reducing emissions. The targets are not legally binding, but nations must update them every five years. Using 2005 levels as the baseline, Brazil committed to cutting emissions 37% by 2025 and an “intended reduction” of 43% by 2030.

  In the last decade, Brazil has achieved significant emissions cuts thanks to efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon and increase in the use of energy from hydropower and other renewable sources including wind, solar and biomass.

  The Paris accord got a boost earlier this month when the US president, Barack Obama, and China’s President, Xi Jinping, sealed their nations’ participation. 

  “Brazil is now the next major country to move forward. It will add even greater momentum,” said David Waskow, director of the International Climate Initiative at the Washington, DC-based think tank the World Resources Institute.

(Source:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/1 3/brazil-ratifies-paris-agreement-with-pledge-to-sharplyreduce-emissions)

 

Which title best expresses the main idea of the text? 

INSTRUCTIONS: This test comprises of five question based on the text below. Read the text carefully and then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences presented after it. 

 

Psychologically informed physiotherapy for chronic pain: patient experiences of treatment and therapeutic process

S. Wilsonª, N. Chalonerª, M. Osbornª, b , J. Gauntlett-Gilbertª, b

 

Abstract

 

Objectives

 

Psychologically informed physiotherapy is used widely with patients with chronic pain. This study aimed to investigate patients’ beliefs about, and experiences of, this type of treatment, and helpful and unhelpful experiences.

 

Introduction

 

Chronic pain is disabling, and difficult to treat both medically and surgically; as such, pain management treatments have increasingly emphasised self-management of the condition using physical and psychological techniques. Self-management approaches view disability and suffering as resulting from multiple factors beyond pain itself, including avoidant movement patterns, cognitions and coping styles.

 

There is increasing evidence that patients can benefit from physiotherapist-led cognitive behavioural self-management approaches for chronic pain. For example, STarT Back is a stratified care model for patients with low back pain (LBP), targeting patients at high risk of chronicity [4]. The STarT Back model incorporates psychological concepts in both screening and treatment, and is now integrated into UK national pathways and guidance for LBP. Undergraduate physiotherapy courses also increasingly emphasise ‘biopsychosocial’ approaches to treatment. Thus, psychologically informed physiotherapy (PIP) is becoming prevalent across care settings.

 

The majority of outcome data suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based treatments for chronic pain yield superior outcomes compared with ‘treatment as usual’ and waiting list controls. However, effect sizes are small and reduced at follow-up. Thus, whilst CBT approaches are useful, they need to be developed to have more impact. As such, this article will use the broader term ‘PIP’ to describe all treatments where physiotherapy is delivered within a psychological framework. PIP treatments aim to use psychological techniques to increase the impact of physiotherapy, and to entrench the patient’s long-term maintenance of exercise recommendations (e.g. by targeting low motivation or negative thinking patterns). Both CBT and other psychological models may be used in the service of these goals.

 

In order to develop a treatment, it is essential to understand how and why it works. Change process research has been common in the psychotherapy literature for the past 20 years. In the chronic pain literature, changes in variables such as pain catastrophising and acceptance have been identified as active influences on treatment outcome. However, there is little consensus on which treatment processes are most important, and the variables under inspection have generally been selected based on psychological theory, as opposed to arising from patient, or physiotherapy, accounts.

 

Where important therapeutic processes are understood, they can be targeted specifically to improve clinical outcomes and support efficient dissemination of effective practice. Physiotherapists do not always feel adequately trained to implement PIP despite recognising its value, and therapist ‘drift’ into ineffective clinical approaches is common across professions. Both of these factors indicate that more in-depth training is required. Identification of important treatment processes should support clinicians to target consistent, evidence-based variables.

 

Some studies have investigated patients’ overall experiences of self-management treatment. However, this study aimed to focus more specifically on those processes that are important within PIP treatments. Currently, minimal data exist on this topic; indeed, there are cautionary data indicating that both treatment adherence and perception of benefit can be poor in selfmanagement approaches for back pain. The authors chose to explore this topic in participants with severe chronic pain who had: (a) received a high ‘dose’ of PIP at a specialist service; and (b) shown evidence of benefiting from this treatment. This allowed their experiences to be explored with confidence in the adequacy and competence of the PIP treatment.

Available at: . Accessed on: April 2nd 2017.

Before developing a treatment, there should be

INSTRUCTIONS: This test comprises of five question based on the text below. Read the text carefully and then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences presented after it. 

 

Psychologically informed physiotherapy for chronic pain: patient experiences of treatment and therapeutic process

S. Wilsonª, N. Chalonerª, M. Osbornª, b , J. Gauntlett-Gilbertª, b

 

Abstract

 

Objectives

 

Psychologically informed physiotherapy is used widely with patients with chronic pain. This study aimed to investigate patients’ beliefs about, and experiences of, this type of treatment, and helpful and unhelpful experiences.

 

Introduction

 

Chronic pain is disabling, and difficult to treat both medically and surgically; as such, pain management treatments have increasingly emphasised self-management of the condition using physical and psychological techniques. Self-management approaches view disability and suffering as resulting from multiple factors beyond pain itself, including avoidant movement patterns, cognitions and coping styles.

 

There is increasing evidence that patients can benefit from physiotherapist-led cognitive behavioural self-management approaches for chronic pain. For example, STarT Back is a stratified care model for patients with low back pain (LBP), targeting patients at high risk of chronicity [4]. The STarT Back model incorporates psychological concepts in both screening and treatment, and is now integrated into UK national pathways and guidance for LBP. Undergraduate physiotherapy courses also increasingly emphasise ‘biopsychosocial’ approaches to treatment. Thus, psychologically informed physiotherapy (PIP) is becoming prevalent across care settings.

 

The majority of outcome data suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based treatments for chronic pain yield superior outcomes compared with ‘treatment as usual’ and waiting list controls. However, effect sizes are small and reduced at follow-up. Thus, whilst CBT approaches are useful, they need to be developed to have more impact. As such, this article will use the broader term ‘PIP’ to describe all treatments where physiotherapy is delivered within a psychological framework. PIP treatments aim to use psychological techniques to increase the impact of physiotherapy, and to entrench the patient’s long-term maintenance of exercise recommendations (e.g. by targeting low motivation or negative thinking patterns). Both CBT and other psychological models may be used in the service of these goals.

 

In order to develop a treatment, it is essential to understand how and why it works. Change process research has been common in the psychotherapy literature for the past 20 years. In the chronic pain literature, changes in variables such as pain catastrophising and acceptance have been identified as active influences on treatment outcome. However, there is little consensus on which treatment processes are most important, and the variables under inspection have generally been selected based on psychological theory, as opposed to arising from patient, or physiotherapy, accounts.

 

Where important therapeutic processes are understood, they can be targeted specifically to improve clinical outcomes and support efficient dissemination of effective practice. Physiotherapists do not always feel adequately trained to implement PIP despite recognising its value, and therapist ‘drift’ into ineffective clinical approaches is common across professions. Both of these factors indicate that more in-depth training is required. Identification of important treatment processes should support clinicians to target consistent, evidence-based variables.

 

Some studies have investigated patients’ overall experiences of self-management treatment. However, this study aimed to focus more specifically on those processes that are important within PIP treatments. Currently, minimal data exist on this topic; indeed, there are cautionary data indicating that both treatment adherence and perception of benefit can be poor in selfmanagement approaches for back pain. The authors chose to explore this topic in participants with severe chronic pain who had: (a) received a high ‘dose’ of PIP at a specialist service; and (b) shown evidence of benefiting from this treatment. This allowed their experiences to be explored with confidence in the adequacy and competence of the PIP treatment.

Available at: . Accessed on: April 2nd 2017.

The text says that disability and suffering are a result of