Questões de Inglês

Texto - Influence on Others - Part I 

 

    Not only was Pelé a symbol of Brazil, he was a symbol within the
structures of Brazilian society. At this time in Brazil as Galeano descri-
bes, “in the global social pyramid, blacks are at the bottom and whites
are at the top. In Brazil this 1s called “racial democracy” (1) This social
hierarchy was rigid in Brazil, like in so many countries, and few of those
born on the lower end of the chain were able to navigate their way to
the top. Some of the rare few who could climb the social ladder were
athletes who gained fame and status, both social and economic, through
their athletic prowess.

 

    Clearly Pelé was such an athlete. Galeano comments: “With the
passage of time, the old soccer mutilated by racism gave way to splen-
dor of its diverse colors. And after so many years it is obvious that
Brazil's best players have always been blacks or mulattos. All of them
came up from poverty, soccer offers a shot at social mobility for a poor
child”(2) Pelé's ascent from birth into a poor Brazilian family to beco-
ming an international superstar was evidence of the socially-mobilizing
tool of football.

 

    To other poor Brazilians, Pelé was a source of hope and confidence
that they too could overcome their hardships. Journalist Joao Luiz de
Albuquerque said of Pelé's impact: “He was the light at the end of the
tunnel. All the poor said, “hey, this guy made it, I can make it.” He
brought the rest of Brazil with him:”(3).

 

• (1) Galeano, Eduardo. Soccer in Sun and Shadow. London UK: Verso 1998. Page 43.
• (2) Galeano 43
• (3)Kirby espn.com. Also on this topic: Murray, Bill. The World's Game: A history of Soccer. University of Illinois Press: Chicago 1996. Page 120.

From: https://sites.duke.edu/wcwp/rescarch-projects/brazil/pele/influence-on-others/. Accessed on 01/11/2023

A rigidez da hierarquia social no Brasil tem feito com que:

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    Drug abuse or substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain. There are over 190 million drug users around the world and the problem has been increasing at alarming rates, especially among young adults under the age of 30.

    Apart from the long-term damage to the body drug abuse causes, drug addicts who use needles are also at risk of contracting HIV and hepatitis B and C infections.

    Drugs of abuse are usually psychoactive drugs that are used by people for various different reasons, which may include:

 

• Curiosity and peer pressure, especially among school children and young adults;

• The use of prescription drugs that were originally intended to target pain relief may have turned into recreational use and become addictive;

• Chemicals may be used as part of religious practices or rituals;

• Recreational purposes;

• As a means of obtaining creative inspiration.

(Ananya Mandal. www.news-medical.net, 17.02.2023. Adaptado.)

In the excerpt from the third paragraph “Drugs of abuse are usually psychoactive drugs that are used by people for various different reasons, which may include”, the underlined word refers to

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    Although often used interchangeably by the general public, there are crucial distinctions between the terms “refugee” and “migrant”:

 

    Refugee

 

    Refugees are persons who are outside their country of origin for reasons of feared persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or other circumstances that have seriously disturbed public order and, as a result, require international protection. The refugee definition can be found in the 1951 Convention and regional refugee instruments, as well as United Nations Commissioner for Refugees’ (UNHCR) Statute.

 

    Migrant

 

    While there is no formal legal definition of an international migrant, most experts agree that an international migrant is someone who changes his or her country of usual residence, independently of the reason for migration or legal status. Generally, a distinction is made between short-term or temporary migration, covering movements with a duration between three and 12 months, and long-term or permanent migration, referring to a change of country of residence for a duration of one year or more.

(https://refugeesmigrants.un.org. Adaptado.)

No trecho inicial do texto “Although often used interchangeably by the general public”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a

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    Although often used interchangeably by the general public, there are crucial distinctions between the terms “refugee” and “migrant”:

 

    Refugee

 

    Refugees are persons who are outside their country of origin for reasons of feared persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or other circumstances that have seriously disturbed public order and, as a result, require international protection. The refugee definition can be found in the 1951 Convention and regional refugee instruments, as well as United Nations Commissioner for Refugees’ (UNHCR) Statute.

 

    Migrant

 

    While there is no formal legal definition of an international migrant, most experts agree that an international migrant is someone who changes his or her country of usual residence, independently of the reason for migration or legal status. Generally, a distinction is made between short-term or temporary migration, covering movements with a duration between three and 12 months, and long-term or permanent migration, referring to a change of country of residence for a duration of one year or more.

(https://refugeesmigrants.un.org. Adaptado.)

The text intends to

Spanglish

 

pues estoy creando Spanglish
bi-cultural systems

scientific lexicographical

inter-textual integrations

two expressions

existentially wired

two dominant languages

continentally abrazándose

in colloquial combate

imperio spanglish emerges

sobre territorio bi-lingual

las novelas mexicanas

mixing with radiorocknroll

immigrant/migrant

nasal mispronouncements

hip-hop, street salsa, spanish pop

standard english classroom

with computer technicalities

spanglish is literally perfect

LAVIERA, T. Benedición: The Complete Poetry of Tato Laviera. Houston: Arte Público Press, 2014 (fragmento).

 

Nesse poema de Tato Laviera, o eu lírico destaca uma

Disponível em: https://mir-s3-cdn-cf.behance.net. Acesso em: 29 out. 2021 (adaptado).

 

Esse cartaz de campanha sugere que