Questões de Inglês

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What is hunger?

 

Hunger is an uncomfortable or painful physical sensation caused by insufficient consumption of dietary energy. It becomes chronic when the person does not consume a sufficient amount of calories (dietary energy) on a regular basis to lead a normal, active and healthy life. For decades, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has used the Prevalence of Undernourishment indicator to estimate the extent of hunger in the world, thus “hunger” may also be referred to as undernourishment.

 

What is food insecurity?

 

A person is food insecure when they lack regular access to enough safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life. This may be due to unavailability of food and/or lack of resources to obtain food. Food insecurity can be experienced at different levels of severity. FAO measures food insecurity using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) shown below:

Fonte de dados: https://tinyurl.com/4hbsa9yr Acesso em: 04.03.2023.

Considerando o infográfico, a insegurança alimentar severa se caracteriza por

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Agroforestry is the interaction of agriculture and trees, including the agricultural use of trees. This comprises trees on farms and in agricultural landscapes, farming in forests and along forest margins and tree-crop production, including cocoa, coffee, rubber and oil palm. Interactions between trees and other components of agriculture may be important at a range of scales: in fields (where trees and crops are grown together), on farms (where trees may provide fodder for livestock, fuel, food, shelter or income from products including timber) and landscapes (where agricultural and forest land uses combine in determining the provision of ecosystem services).

 

Agroforestry is agricultural and forestry systems that try to balance various needs:

 

1) to produce trees for timber and other commercial purposes;

2) to produce a diverse, adequate supply of nutritious foods both to meet global demand and to satisfy the needs of the producers themselves; and

3) to ensure the protection of the natural environment so that it continues to provide resources and environmental services to meet the needs of the present generations and those to come.

https://tinyurl.com/pnv4wjx8%20Acesso%20em:%2004.03.2023.

De acordo com o texto, o equilíbrio pretendido entre agricultura e floresta, no sistema chamado de Agroforestry, prevê

Guide to women’s rights in Qatar

Written by Valentine Sergon

 

Women’s rights in Qatar are conflicting, and even contradictory sometimes. […]

As a woman in Qatar, a person might have access to the most luxurious lifestyle, …………….. still not feel comfortable wearing
shorts outside. A woman might start her own successful business, yet still feel unprotected by the police.
Qatar is a country that exists right at the intersection of modernity and tradition, and it is possible to notice this play out most
[5] strikingly when it comes to gender rights. [...]

Gender equality and women’s rights in Qatar

Within the Gulf, Qatar is among the best nations for women’s rights. Within the global ranking of gender inequality,
…………………, Qatar is 44th. This paradoxical nature is seen throughout various levels of life in Qatar. The country has explicitly
stated its commitment to gender equality, yet still enforces imbalanced laws in the spheres of inheritance, marriage, and even

[10] whose testimony holds more weight in court. That said, women in the peninsula are highly educated and have significantly more
freedoms than some of its neighbors.

Attitudes towards women in Qatar

Attitudes towards women are improving in Qatar, however, there are some key contradictions to keep in mind. For example,
even though there is a popular sense of women being respected and protected, many laws do not practice this ideal. There are
[15] real imbalances in how women are treated in divorce, marriage, custody of children, and inheritance matters, as well as how they
move through their professional careers.

Retrieved and adapted from https://www.expatica.com/qa/living/gov-law-admin/womens-rights-in-qatar-70967/ Access on September 25th, 2022.

Reread the sentences from Text:

 

I. The country has explicitly stated its commitment to gender equality, […] (lines 8 - 9)

II. There are real imbalances in how women are treated in divorce, marriage, custody of children, and inheritance matters, as well as how they move through their professional careers. (lines 14-16)

 

The expressions “its” and “their”, respectively, refer to

The Illusion of Free Choice in the Age of Augmented Decisions

 

The age of digitalization has created new opportunities for individuals, organizations, local governments, and countries to cooperate and mutually benefit from each other. Technologies such as smartphones and mobile Internet have enabled global networks and extended opportunities for individual and collective engagement and cooperation. Further, tasks that formerly meant tedious, long-lasting work or that could not be accomplished at all have become possible and even trivial with the extensive use of constantly improving technologies. However, more convenience has led to a growing reliance on these types of Technologies in human decisions. In the augmented world in which we live, a growing number of decisions are designed by smart technologies – with unforeseen consequences for individuals and societies. Augmented decision-making undermines the freedom of choice. This is the price we pay for convenience.

The dark side of digital convenience: There is a darker and often invisible side of the coin as well.

Loss of freedom of choice: Augmented intelligence frees us from many chores, but it also limits free choice. We rely on our technologies, often unaware that we do no longer get the full picture but instead a reality that might be curated for a specific purpose. In such cases, freedom of choice becomes an illusion. Humans have become accustomed to “doing everything” on their smartphones, and this tendency is reinforced by the apps and services of organizations such as Facebook, Google, and Netflix. Tech companies use technology as a vehicle to construct individual subjective reality, the internal space that frames our decision-making. Most of the information that humans base their decision on is filtered and presorted by algorithms, which use huge amounts of user data to produce highly individualized recommendations to nudge us towards certain options. While such algorithms make our lives more convenient, they also fulfill various organizational objectives that users may not be aware of, and that may not be in their best interest. We do not know whether algorithms augmenting human decisions truly optimize the benefit to their users or rather the return on investment for a company. In other words, producing a positive user experience is often a means to an end, not an end in itself.

Polarization of beliefs: A potential cause of harm to societies and democracies is the emergence of information bubbles, enabling and strengthening the polarization of beliefs. Biased outcomes shape our identities, our view of the world, our social relationships, and most importantly, the decisions we make. For instance, YouTube alone accumulates in total more than one billion hours of watchtime a day, and 70% of this time comes from watching recommended videos. Smart algorithms instantaneously and simultaneously recommend millions of videos to its users. At the same time, they test how to best retain user attention. Once a user continues to view another video, the recommendation was successful, and the algorithm has controlled the user’s decisionmaking process. Under these carefully designed circumstances, humans may lose the ability to consciously choose between freely exploring or stopping to explore the content on the platform. Free choice is competing against smart algorithms that track and use individual preferences, while the user cannot control or does not fully understand the purpose and functionality of these algorithms. If such an algorithm learns that conspiracy videos are optimizing user attention, it may continue to recommend such videos until even radical conspiracy theories become a kind of shared reality for users. What they consume affects how the users think and behave. Even though users decide what they watch, YouTube’s algorithms, and also Facebook’s and Twitter’s, have a large influence on what content – and what ideas and opinions – get amplified or silenced.

https://www.nim.org/en/dokument/2021mirdarksidesarticle freechoiceeng

Sobre o texto de Fabian Buder, Koen Pauwels, and Kairun Daikoku, analise as seguintes asserções:

 

( ) Empresas recolhem nossos dados por meio da oferta de facilitação de tarefas, que antes eram consideradas tediosas e longas.

( ) Redes sociais como Facebook, Youtube e Twitter possuem controle de divulgação apenas de conteúdo de entretenimento.

( ) Mesmo que estejamos acostumados pela conveniência que aplicativos nos oferecem, nossos dados estão protegidos pelas empresas que os criaram.

( ) A livre escolha, na Era da Conveniência Digitalizada, é uma competição contra algoritmos que rastreiam e usam preferências individuais para a seleção e divulgação de conteúdo.

 

A sequência correta é:

Para responder à questão, considere o texto a seguir.

 

TEXTO

 

Happiness-cartoon

Fonte: SCHAPER, K. Happiness-cartoon. 15 fev. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.kimschaper.com/does-happinessreally-exist/happiness-cartoon-2/. Acesso em: 19 maio 2023.

 

Considerando os balões de fala e as imagens do texto, os termos sublinhados no segmento “Where did you find that? I've been searching for it everywhere” referem-se a

Para responder à questão, considere o texto a seguir.

 

TEXTO

 

Signs of a Happy Person

    Happy people live with purpose. They find joy in
lasting relationships, working toward their goals,
and living according to their values. The happy
person is not enamored with material goods or
[5] luxury vacations. This person is fine with the simple
pleasures of life—petting a dog, sitting under a tree,
enjoying a cup of tea. Here are a few of the outward
signs that someone is content.

 

• Is open to learning new things
[10] • Is high in humility and patience
• Smiles and laughs readily
• Goes with the flow
• Practices compassion
• Is often grateful
[15] • Exercises self-care
• Enjoys healthy relationships
• Is happy for other people
• Gives and receives without torment
• Lives with meaning and purpose
[20] • Does not feel entitled and has fewer expectations
• Is not spiteful or insulting
• Does not hold grudges
• Does not register small annoyances
• Does not angst over yesterday and tomorrow
[25] • Does not play games
• Is not a martyr or victim
• Is not stingy with their happiness

Fonte: PSYCHOLOGY TODAY. Signs of a happy person. Psychology Today, New York: Sussex Publishers, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.psychologytoday.com/ us/basics/happiness. Acesso em: 20 maio 2023.

Na oração “This person is fine with the simple pleasures of life – petting a dog, sitting under a tree, enjoying a cup of tea” (ℓ. 5-7), a função do segmento sublinhado é