Questões de Inglês

    The body’s ability to adapt to changing conditions and shifting physiologic demands is essential to its survival. To ensure cellular performance and the health of the entire organism, each cell must be able to dispose of damaged or unnecessary proteins. Now, a study from the Harvard Medical School shows that intense exercise, fasting, and an array of hormones can activate cells’ built-in protein-disposal systems and enhance their ability to purge defective, toxic, or unneeded proteins. The findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism that is triggered by fluctuations in hormone levels, which signal changes in physiologic conditions.

    Malfunctions in the cells’ protein disposal machinery can lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which clog up the cell, interfere with its functions, and, over time, precipitate the development of diseases, including neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s.

Disponível em: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette. Acesso em: set. 2022. Adaptado

 

The study mentioned in the text says that

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    The accelerating loss of species around the globe is so extensive that many experts now refer to it as the sixth mass extinction. It’s driven in large part by an unprecedented loss of vital ecosystems such as forests and wetlands, the result of social and economic systems that are focused on constant growth.

    The latest United Nations (UN) Biodiversity Conference, COP15, the second session of which is due to take place in December 2022, aims to implement ambitious measures for preventing biodiversity loss. The ultimate goal is to establish harmony between humans and nature by 2050. However, key players such as the body of conservation scientists that produces reports on biodiversity for the UN continue to prioritise human wellbeing above all else. This prioritisation may be the result of an anthropocentric culture that typically considers humans to be separate from and of greater value than other species.

    To effectively address our extinction crisis, we need more than merely technical advances or policies that remain stuck in anthropocentric assumptions. Rather, we need fundamental changes in how we view nature and other species.

(Heather Alberro et al. https://theconversation.com, 08.06.2022. Adaptado.)

No segundo e no terceiro parágrafos, “conservation scientists” são criticados porque

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    Evie Kalo is what you might call a serial home-swapper. She and her husband are among the millions of global workers who became fully remote during the pandemic. Ever since, they’ve swapped their apartment in Amsterdam for a series of “workcations” across Europe, in places such as a beach in Barcelona and a French Riviera resort town. “What we love about it is that we trust people to be at our home because they are trusting us to be at theirs,” says Kalo.

    The couple tries to stay in each place for about two weeks so they can have enough time to explore sites around their busy work schedules. Home swaps allow people to attain the kind of journeying lifestyle they desire at a fraction of the cost of purchasing a pricey holiday — or second home. By capitalising on their own most valuable asset — a house or apartment — they’re able to stay in other people’s comfortable accommodations around the world.

    So far, people are finding their homes informally through work colleagues or friends. Others have turned to social media. Yet, the most popular method is the search on online marketplaces.

    Globally, the number of swaps finalised per day on Home Exchange (an online marketplace) in August 2022 was up 50% from August 2019, according to statistics provided by the company. The company has also seen the average trip length increase well beyond the standard seven days in 2019. Some 59% of its members now want to stay for 10 days or more, and many are opting for locations closer to home. Domestic travel is 25% higher than it was is 2019, which is attributed to workcation deals to a great extent.

(Mark Johanson. www.bbc.com, 30.08.2022. Adaptado.)

In the fragment from the second paragraph “they’re able to stay in other people’s comfortable accommodations around the world”, the underlined word refers most specifically to

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    Evie Kalo is what you might call a serial home-swapper. She and her husband are among the millions of global workers who became fully remote during the pandemic. Ever since, they’ve swapped their apartment in Amsterdam for a series of “workcations” across Europe, in places such as a beach in Barcelona and a French Riviera resort town. “What we love about it is that we trust people to be at our home because they are trusting us to be at theirs,” says Kalo.

    The couple tries to stay in each place for about two weeks so they can have enough time to explore sites around their busy work schedules. Home swaps allow people to attain the kind of journeying lifestyle they desire at a fraction of the cost of purchasing a pricey holiday — or second home. By capitalising on their own most valuable asset — a house or apartment — they’re able to stay in other people’s comfortable accommodations around the world.

    So far, people are finding their homes informally through work colleagues or friends. Others have turned to social media. Yet, the most popular method is the search on online marketplaces.

    Globally, the number of swaps finalised per day on Home Exchange (an online marketplace) in August 2022 was up 50% from August 2019, according to statistics provided by the company. The company has also seen the average trip length increase well beyond the standard seven days in 2019. Some 59% of its members now want to stay for 10 days or more, and many are opting for locations closer to home. Domestic travel is 25% higher than it was is 2019, which is attributed to workcation deals to a great extent.

(Mark Johanson. www.bbc.com, 30.08.2022. Adaptado.)

Na opinião de Evie Kalo, é um aspecto positivo da experiência relatada no primeiro parágrafo:

Para responder à questão, examine o cartum de Will Santino, publicado em sua conta do Instagram, em 13.04.2022.

"Straw¹ is actually very popular right now."

¹straw: palha.

A análise contextualizada do cartum permite caracterizar o lobo como

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    At the beginning of March 1898, a Belgian research ship became stuck in the ice of Antarctica’s Bellingshausen sea. The Belgica ship and its crew — which included Roald Amundsen, who later became the first man to reach the South Pole — remained there for a year. Scientists aboard Polarstern, a German research ship currently in the same place, have a very different view: in the beginning of February 2023, the expedition leader said he had never seen the sea so destituted of ice. In 2023, on February 13^th, sea ice across the Antarctic as a whole reached 1.91 million square kilometres (m km²), the lowest level since satellite records began in 1979.

    The world is now, on average, 1.0-1.3 ºC hotter than it was before the Industrial Revolution. However, that change has not occurred evenly: the poles are warming faster than regions in the middle of the globe.

    Sea-ice extent around Antarctica was relatively stable until 2014. It has been declining sharply since then. One study by a climatologist at America’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) considers that between 2014 and 2017 Antarctic sea ice receded three times as quickly as during any comparable period in the Arctic. Antarctic sea ice shrinks to a minimum during late February and early March, during the southern hemisphere’s summer. It hit record lows in 2022 and again now in 2023.

    These changes have prompted much research into how global warming is affecting Antarctica. The biggest concern is over the enormous West Antarctic ice sheet, which is smaller but less stable than its eastern counterpart. Scientists say that it risks collapse if it melts beyond a certain point, which could result in a global sea-level rise of up to three metres. It is unlikely to happen any time soon, but increasing evidence of instability in Antarctica’s ice sheets is cause for concern.

(www.economist.com, 20.02.2023. Adaptado.)

O trecho do texto que está representado no gráfico é: