Questões de Inglês

TEXTO:

  Upgrading our biology may sound like science
fiction, but attempts to improve humanity actually date
back thousands of years. Every day, we enhance
ourselves through seemingly mundane activities such
[5] as exercising, meditating, or consuming performanceenhancing
drugs, such as caffeine or adderall. However,
the tools with which we upgrade our biology are
improving at an accelerating rate and becoming
increasingly invasive.
[10]   Not long ago, Elon Musk announced a new
company, Neuralink, with the goal of merging the human
mind with AI (Artificial Intelligence). The past few years
have seen remarkable developments in both the
hardware and software of brain-machine interfaces.
[15] Experts are designing more intricate electrodes while
programming better algorithms to interpret neural
signals. Scientists have already succeeded in
enabling paralyzed patients to type with their minds, and
are even allowing brains to communicate with one
[20] another purely through brainwaves.
  A major ethical concern is equality. As with any
other emerging technology, there are valid concerns
that cognitive enhancement tech will benefit only the
wealthy, thus exacerbating current inequalities. It’s
[25] important to discuss these risks, not so that we begin
to fear and avoid such technologies, but so that we
continue to advance in a way that minimizes harm and
allows us to optimize the benefits.

BIDSHAHRI, Raya. Disponível em: https://geneticliteracyproject.org/ 2018/02/20/brain-machine-interfaces-biology-body-upgrades-waywill-handle/. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2018.

World War I Unleashed Chemical Weapons and Changed Modern Warfare

  One hundred years ago today (April 6), the United States declared war on Germany and entered into World War I (WWI), the global conflict that initiated the first widespread use of chemical weapons in warfare.

  The scope of WWI’s chemical weaponry was unlike anything seen on the battlefield before. Over the course of the war — which lasted from July 28, 1914, to Nov. 11, 1918 — about 3,000 chemicals were investigated for military use, and 50 toxic agents were deployed on battlefields across Europe, killing an estimated 90,000 to 100,000 people and leaving 1.3 million people injured, reported Chemical & Engineering News (CEN), the magazine of the American Chemical Society.

  Though chemical weapons were responsible for only about 1 percent of the Great War’s dead, they provided the 20th century with a dangerous new weapon of mass destruction, according to experts. And the terror they inspired ensured that this new chapter in modern warfare would be an ugly one.

Thousands of casualties

  But chemical attacks during wartime were usually very localized, with limited range. That changed on April 22, 1915, when the German army released close to 170 metric tons of chlorine gas from nearly 6,000 cylinders buried in defensive trenches in Ypres, Belgium. Chlorine gas is yellow-green and smells like bleach; when it makes contact with moist body tissues, it produces an acid that can cause severe tissue damage, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

  Minutes after the gas was released, 1,000 French and Algerian soldiers were dead, and nearly 4,000 more were injured, Gerard J. Fitzgerald, a researcher in the Department of History and Art History at George Mason University in Virginia, wrote in a study published in April 2008 in the American Journal of Public Health.

  Witness accounts of chemical attacks and their aftermath were horrific. A British observer at Ypres described French soldiers stumbling off the battlefield “blinded, coughing, chests heaving, faces an ugly purple color, lips speechless with agony,” Fitzgerald reported in his study.

Banning chemical agents

  The specter of poison gas inspired an international agreement after WWI ended — the 1925 Geneva Protocol — which banned chemical and biological weapons during war.

  According to the treaty, “the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world,” and their prohibition “shall be universally accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations.”

  Global leaders continue to condemn the use of chemical weapons. In 1993, the United Nations banned mustard gas and other toxic agents through the Chemical Weapons Convention, prohibiting “the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer or use of chemical weapons,” the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), reported.

  And in 2013, the OPCW received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work as chemical weapons “watchdogs,” — for mobilizing nations to cease producing and storing lethal chemical weapons, and targeting cached weapons for safe disposal, with the ultimate goal of eliminating them completely.

  But poisonous agents still pose a silent and deadly threat. Just this Tuesday (April 4), a chemical bombing in Syria claimed the lives of at least 70 people, many of them children, following an air attack that dropped bombs in Idlib Province, the New York Times reported. While the composition of the lethal gas is still unknown, it is thought to be a type of nerve agent, which disrupts neuron signals and can interfere with involuntary muscle movements, such as respiration.

Original article on Live Science.

World War I Unleashed Chemical Weapons and Changed Modern Warfare

  One hundred years ago today (April 6), the United States declared war on Germany and entered into World War I (WWI), the global conflict that initiated the first widespread use of chemical weapons in warfare.

  The scope of WWI’s chemical weaponry was unlike anything seen on the battlefield before. Over the course of the war — which lasted from July 28, 1914, to Nov. 11, 1918 — about 3,000 chemicals were investigated for military use, and 50 toxic agents were deployed on battlefields across Europe, killing an estimated 90,000 to 100,000 people and leaving 1.3 million people injured, reported Chemical & Engineering News (CEN), the magazine of the American Chemical Society.

  Though chemical weapons were responsible for only about 1 percent of the Great War’s dead, they provided the 20th century with a dangerous new weapon of mass destruction, according to experts. And the terror they inspired ensured that this new chapter in modern warfare would be an ugly one.

Thousands of casualties

  But chemical attacks during wartime were usually very localized, with limited range. That changed on April 22, 1915, when the German army released close to 170 metric tons of chlorine gas from nearly 6,000 cylinders buried in defensive trenches in Ypres, Belgium. Chlorine gas is yellow-green and smells like bleach; when it makes contact with moist body tissues, it produces an acid that can cause severe tissue damage, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

  Minutes after the gas was released, 1,000 French and Algerian soldiers were dead, and nearly 4,000 more were injured, Gerard J. Fitzgerald, a researcher in the Department of History and Art History at George Mason University in Virginia, wrote in a study published in April 2008 in the American Journal of Public Health.

  Witness accounts of chemical attacks and their aftermath were horrific. A British observer at Ypres described French soldiers stumbling off the battlefield “blinded, coughing, chests heaving, faces an ugly purple color, lips speechless with agony,” Fitzgerald reported in his study.

Banning chemical agents

  The specter of poison gas inspired an international agreement after WWI ended — the 1925 Geneva Protocol — which banned chemical and biological weapons during war.

  According to the treaty, “the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world,” and their prohibition “shall be universally accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations.”

  Global leaders continue to condemn the use of chemical weapons. In 1993, the United Nations banned mustard gas and other toxic agents through the Chemical Weapons Convention, prohibiting “the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer or use of chemical weapons,” the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), reported.

  And in 2013, the OPCW received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work as chemical weapons “watchdogs,” — for mobilizing nations to cease producing and storing lethal chemical weapons, and targeting cached weapons for safe disposal, with the ultimate goal of eliminating them completely.

  But poisonous agents still pose a silent and deadly threat. Just this Tuesday (April 4), a chemical bombing in Syria claimed the lives of at least 70 people, many of them children, following an air attack that dropped bombs in Idlib Province, the New York Times reported. While the composition of the lethal gas is still unknown, it is thought to be a type of nerve agent, which disrupts neuron signals and can interfere with involuntary muscle movements, such as respiration.

Original article on Live Science.

World War I Unleashed Chemical Weapons and Changed Modern Warfare

  One hundred years ago today (April 6), the United States declared war on Germany and entered into World War I (WWI), the global conflict that initiated the first widespread use of chemical weapons in warfare.

  The scope of WWI’s chemical weaponry was unlike anything seen on the battlefield before. Over the course of the war — which lasted from July 28, 1914, to Nov. 11, 1918 — about 3,000 chemicals were investigated for military use, and 50 toxic agents were deployed on battlefields across Europe, killing an estimated 90,000 to 100,000 people and leaving 1.3 million people injured, reported Chemical & Engineering News (CEN), the magazine of the American Chemical Society.

  Though chemical weapons were responsible for only about 1 percent of the Great War’s dead, they provided the 20th century with a dangerous new weapon of mass destruction, according to experts. And the terror they inspired ensured that this new chapter in modern warfare would be an ugly one.

Thousands of casualties

  But chemical attacks during wartime were usually very localized, with limited range. That changed on April 22, 1915, when the German army released close to 170 metric tons of chlorine gas from nearly 6,000 cylinders buried in defensive trenches in Ypres, Belgium. Chlorine gas is yellow-green and smells like bleach; when it makes contact with moist body tissues, it produces an acid that can cause severe tissue damage, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

  Minutes after the gas was released, 1,000 French and Algerian soldiers were dead, and nearly 4,000 more were injured, Gerard J. Fitzgerald, a researcher in the Department of History and Art History at George Mason University in Virginia, wrote in a study published in April 2008 in the American Journal of Public Health.

  Witness accounts of chemical attacks and their aftermath were horrific. A British observer at Ypres described French soldiers stumbling off the battlefield “blinded, coughing, chests heaving, faces an ugly purple color, lips speechless with agony,” Fitzgerald reported in his study.

Banning chemical agents

  The specter of poison gas inspired an international agreement after WWI ended — the 1925 Geneva Protocol — which banned chemical and biological weapons during war.

  According to the treaty, “the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world,” and their prohibition “shall be universally accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations.”

  Global leaders continue to condemn the use of chemical weapons. In 1993, the United Nations banned mustard gas and other toxic agents through the Chemical Weapons Convention, prohibiting “the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer or use of chemical weapons,” the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), reported.

  And in 2013, the OPCW received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work as chemical weapons “watchdogs,” — for mobilizing nations to cease producing and storing lethal chemical weapons, and targeting cached weapons for safe disposal, with the ultimate goal of eliminating them completely.

  But poisonous agents still pose a silent and deadly threat. Just this Tuesday (April 4), a chemical bombing in Syria claimed the lives of at least 70 people, many of them children, following an air attack that dropped bombs in Idlib Province, the New York Times reported. While the composition of the lethal gas is still unknown, it is thought to be a type of nerve agent, which disrupts neuron signals and can interfere with involuntary muscle movements, such as respiration.

Original article on Live Science.

World War I Unleashed Chemical Weapons and Changed Modern Warfare

  One hundred years ago today (April 6), the United States declared war on Germany and entered into World War I (WWI), the global conflict that initiated the first widespread use of chemical weapons in warfare.

  The scope of WWI’s chemical weaponry was unlike anything seen on the battlefield before. Over the course of the war — which lasted from July 28, 1914, to Nov. 11, 1918 — about 3,000 chemicals were investigated for military use, and 50 toxic agents were deployed on battlefields across Europe, killing an estimated 90,000 to 100,000 people and leaving 1.3 million people injured, reported Chemical & Engineering News (CEN), the magazine of the American Chemical Society.

  Though chemical weapons were responsible for only about 1 percent of the Great War’s dead, they provided the 20th century with a dangerous new weapon of mass destruction, according to experts. And the terror they inspired ensured that this new chapter in modern warfare would be an ugly one.

Thousands of casualties

  But chemical attacks during wartime were usually very localized, with limited range. That changed on April 22, 1915, when the German army released close to 170 metric tons of chlorine gas from nearly 6,000 cylinders buried in defensive trenches in Ypres, Belgium. Chlorine gas is yellow-green and smells like bleach; when it makes contact with moist body tissues, it produces an acid that can cause severe tissue damage, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

  Minutes after the gas was released, 1,000 French and Algerian soldiers were dead, and nearly 4,000 more were injured, Gerard J. Fitzgerald, a researcher in the Department of History and Art History at George Mason University in Virginia, wrote in a study published in April 2008 in the American Journal of Public Health.

  Witness accounts of chemical attacks and their aftermath were horrific. A British observer at Ypres described French soldiers stumbling off the battlefield “blinded, coughing, chests heaving, faces an ugly purple color, lips speechless with agony,” Fitzgerald reported in his study.

Banning chemical agents

  The specter of poison gas inspired an international agreement after WWI ended — the 1925 Geneva Protocol — which banned chemical and biological weapons during war.

  According to the treaty, “the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world,” and their prohibition “shall be universally accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations.”

  Global leaders continue to condemn the use of chemical weapons. In 1993, the United Nations banned mustard gas and other toxic agents through the Chemical Weapons Convention, prohibiting “the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer or use of chemical weapons,” the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), reported.

  And in 2013, the OPCW received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work as chemical weapons “watchdogs,” — for mobilizing nations to cease producing and storing lethal chemical weapons, and targeting cached weapons for safe disposal, with the ultimate goal of eliminating them completely.

  But poisonous agents still pose a silent and deadly threat. Just this Tuesday (April 4), a chemical bombing in Syria claimed the lives of at least 70 people, many of them children, following an air attack that dropped bombs in Idlib Province, the New York Times reported. While the composition of the lethal gas is still unknown, it is thought to be a type of nerve agent, which disrupts neuron signals and can interfere with involuntary muscle movements, such as respiration.

Original article on Live Science.

World War I Unleashed Chemical Weapons and Changed Modern Warfare

  One hundred years ago today (April 6), the United States declared war on Germany and entered into World War I (WWI), the global conflict that initiated the first widespread use of chemical weapons in warfare.

  The scope of WWI’s chemical weaponry was unlike anything seen on the battlefield before. Over the course of the war — which lasted from July 28, 1914, to Nov. 11, 1918 — about 3,000 chemicals were investigated for military use, and 50 toxic agents were deployed on battlefields across Europe, killing an estimated 90,000 to 100,000 people and leaving 1.3 million people injured, reported Chemical & Engineering News (CEN), the magazine of the American Chemical Society.

  Though chemical weapons were responsible for only about 1 percent of the Great War’s dead, they provided the 20th century with a dangerous new weapon of mass destruction, according to experts. And the terror they inspired ensured that this new chapter in modern warfare would be an ugly one.

Thousands of casualties

  But chemical attacks during wartime were usually very localized, with limited range. That changed on April 22, 1915, when the German army released close to 170 metric tons of chlorine gas from nearly 6,000 cylinders buried in defensive trenches in Ypres, Belgium. Chlorine gas is yellow-green and smells like bleach; when it makes contact with moist body tissues, it produces an acid that can cause severe tissue damage, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

  Minutes after the gas was released, 1,000 French and Algerian soldiers were dead, and nearly 4,000 more were injured, Gerard J. Fitzgerald, a researcher in the Department of History and Art History at George Mason University in Virginia, wrote in a study published in April 2008 in the American Journal of Public Health.

  Witness accounts of chemical attacks and their aftermath were horrific. A British observer at Ypres described French soldiers stumbling off the battlefield “blinded, coughing, chests heaving, faces an ugly purple color, lips speechless with agony,” Fitzgerald reported in his study.

Banning chemical agents

  The specter of poison gas inspired an international agreement after WWI ended — the 1925 Geneva Protocol — which banned chemical and biological weapons during war.

  According to the treaty, “the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world,” and their prohibition “shall be universally accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations.”

  Global leaders continue to condemn the use of chemical weapons. In 1993, the United Nations banned mustard gas and other toxic agents through the Chemical Weapons Convention, prohibiting “the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer or use of chemical weapons,” the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), reported.

  And in 2013, the OPCW received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work as chemical weapons “watchdogs,” — for mobilizing nations to cease producing and storing lethal chemical weapons, and targeting cached weapons for safe disposal, with the ultimate goal of eliminating them completely.

  But poisonous agents still pose a silent and deadly threat. Just this Tuesday (April 4), a chemical bombing in Syria claimed the lives of at least 70 people, many of them children, following an air attack that dropped bombs in Idlib Province, the New York Times reported. While the composition of the lethal gas is still unknown, it is thought to be a type of nerve agent, which disrupts neuron signals and can interfere with involuntary muscle movements, such as respiration.

Original article on Live Science.