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What is whitewashing, and why is it harmful?

By Claire Gillespie
Published on June 1, 2021

 

    TV and film producer Kevin Feige, a primary creator of the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2007, has admitted it was wrong to cast Tilda Swinton in the 2016 movie, Doctor Strange. It’s a big deal because this particular casting decision is considered one of Hollywood’s most identifiable examples of whitewashing – the original comic book character, “The ancient one,” is an Asian male.

    In its narrowest definition, whitewashing on film and TV is the elimination or replacement of people of color with white characters, according to LeiLani Nishime, professor of communication at the University of Washington […].

    Doctor Strange is only one example of many. In the movie adaptation of James Sallis’s novel Drive, the female lead – a Mexican woman named Irina – is renamed Irene and portrayed by Carey Mulligan, a white, non-Hispanic actress. In the movie Lords of Dogtown, which is based on the documentary Dogtown and Z-Boys, the leader of the pioneering skateboard crew was Jeff Ho, an Asian American. But the film version focused on a cofounder of the surf shop Jeff Ho Surfboards and Zephyr Productions and the character is played by Heath Ledger, a white man.

    Another type of whitewashing is when people of color are displaced in a story to put the focus on white characters, said Nishime. The 2015 movie Stonewall is based on the 1969 Stonewall riots. The narrative is centered around a cis, white gay man, but in fact, the leaders of the Stonewall Rebellion included black and Latinx trans women, such as Sylvia Rivera and Miss Major.

    Whitewashing may also involve a white person pretending to be a person of color – like Johnny Depp masquerading as a Native American in The Lone Ranger – creating entire worlds where people of color simply don’t exist (The Lord of The Rings is another prime example).

    In 2019, Merriam-Webster dictionary expanded its definition of whitewashing, writing, “This new sense of whitewashing refers to casting white actors as characters who are non-white or of indeterminate race […]. It can also refer to preferring white actors, directors, cinematographers, and so on, over equally qualified people of color, as in the Oscar nominations.” In a practical sense, whitewashing takes work away from actors of color, said Nishime. […]

    On a personal level, whitewashing can have a huge psychological impact. “Unfortunately, it lingers on due to stereotypes, media, and familial influence,” said California-based psychiatrist Leela R. Magavi. “It can lead to debilitating anxiety as minority individuals may feel pressured to look, speak, or present a certain way.”

    People of color who are protesting against whitewashing in entertainment media, news media, politics, and history need to be heard, Nishime said. “We also need to support more independent media makers,” Nishime added. “They are the ones who are making stories that center Asian Americans and other people of color.” Individual people can also make a difference by being empathetic. This creates a space for open communication, which helps people struggling with whitewashing and other forms of racism feel safe and supported.

Source: Adapted from https://www.health.com/mind-body/health-diversity-inclusion/whitewashing

O texto permite afirmar que o termo “whitewashing”, entre outras acepções, refere-se

Read the following text to answer question.

 

Studies have shown that even minimal physical activity immediately enhances activity and connectivity in the hippocampus, and connectivity in other cortical areas associated with learning and memory

And these effects are not, as previously thought, a result of the body entering a stress response and releasing cortisol. Keep up the activity and, after 12 weeks, improvements in cerebral blood flow are evident.

And you most definitely don’t need a gym. Simply walking has huge benefits – outdoors, in nature, preferably.

Head out onto that unpaved trail and you’ll encounter uneven ground, a tangle of roots and rocks that demands attention to avoid tripping. You’ll be bombarded by new stimuli and inputs.

Every minute of walking requires hundreds of micro-decisions about where to place your foot, how much pressure to use when setting your foot down and picking it up again, how to balance yourself, how to lift off your foot to move forward to the next step. You have to be attentive to avoid getting whacked in the face by low-hanging branches, to brush away spiders, flies, and midges, or swerve to avoid the occasional runner, dog or child.

The number of variables – things that could happen to you – is infinite. The terrain, the people, the vegetation, even the weather – it’s all changing.

This is the kind of navigation our brains evolved to perform. This is the kind of embodied cognition that strengthens synapses and rejuvenates hippocampal memory systems, motor-action planning systems, and eye-body coordination.

Outdoors, anything can happen. And that’s the most potent way of keeping the brain flexible and active that we have so far discovered.

Available at: https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/ exercise-and-the-brain-why-moving-your-body-matters/. Accessed on: Feb. 16, 2023.

The verb to strengthen in “This is the kind of embodied cognition that strengthens synapses and rejuvenates…” has a similar meaning to

Do you know that the foods you eat impact your health? Most importantly, what you eat can have negative effects on the most complex organ in your body: your brain! Amazingly, the food you eat affects neurons, which are the major cells of the brain. In the brain, an unhealthy diet that is rich in fats and sugars causes inflammation of neurons and inhibits the formation of new neurons. This can affect the way the brain works and contribute to brain disorders like depression. On the other hand, a diet that contains healthy nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, is beneficial for brain health. Such a diet improves the formation of neurons and leads to improved thinking, attention, and memory. In sum, a healthy diet makes the brain happy, so we should all pay attention to what we eat.

Available at: https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ frym.2021.578214. Accessed on: Feb. 16, 2023.

 

The best title for this text is

Read Passage 1 carefully, and then answer the question.

 

PASSAGE 1

 

Biodiversity is collapsing as one million species teeter on the brink of extinction. We must end these relentless and senseless wars on nature.”

 

[1] UN Secretary-General António Guterres in his 
message on Mother Earth Day, 22 April 2023 . 
This month’s Goal of the Month editorial focuses 
on Goal 15, which is about protecting life on 
[5] land. It is to conserve and restore terrestrial 
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat 
desertification,  halt  and reverse land 
degradation and stop biodiversity loss. 

 

Why it matters

[10] Goal 15 matters because healthy ecosystems and 
the biological diversity they support are a source 
of food, water, medicine, shelter and other 
material goods. They also provide ecosystem 
services – the cleaning of air and water – which 
sustain life and increase resiliency. However, the 
[15] planet is experiencing a dangerous decline in 
nature because of human activity. The stakes 
could not be higher as one million plant and 
animal species are at risk of  extinction,  many 
within decades. …

 

SDG (Sustainable Development Goal) 15 by the Numbers

[20]    The world lost 100 million hectares of forest from 2000 to 2020. Agricultural expansion 
is the direct driver for almost 90% of global deforestation. 
    More than one in five species are now threatened with extinction. 
    Between 2015 and 2019, the world lost at least 100 million hectares of healthy and 
productive land every year, affecting food and water security globally. 

Available at: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/goal-of-the-month/. (Adapted). Acesso em 22 april , 2023.

In line 14, 15 and 16: “However, the planet is experiencing a dangerous decline in nature because of human activity”, the word “However” indicates

Observe a imagem a seguir de um artista anônimo; a cantiga infantil (nursery rhyme) também de autoria anônima, e coletado em As únicas melodias verdadeiras da Mamãe Gansa (século XIX); e o trecho do poema “Woman in a shoe” da poetisa estadunidense Marge Piercy, parte da sua obra The art of blessing the day, de 1999, e responda a pergunta.

There was an old woman who lived in a shoe. She had so many children, she didn’t know what to do. She gave them some broth without any bread; Then whipped them all soundly and put them to bed.

 

    Woman in a shoe

 

 There was an old woman who lived
 in a shoe, her own two shoes,
 men’s they were,  brown and worn.
 They    flapped    when    she    hobbled    along.

 

There was an old woman who lived
 in a refrigerator box, under
 the expressway, with her cat.
 January, they died curled together.

 

(…) 
Too hot, too cold, too poor,
 too old. Invisible unless
 she annoys you, invisible
 unless she gets in your way.
 In fairy tales if you are kind
 to an old woman, she gives you
 the thing you desperately need:
 an unconquerable sword, a purse

bottomless    and    always    filled,
 a magical ring. We don’t believe
 that anymore. (...)

(PIERCY, Marge. Figura e Fragmento do Poema “Woman in a shoe”. Disponíveis em: https://mothergoosesmiles. wordpress.com/2011/11/19/the-woman-in-a-shoe/ e  https://allpoetry.com/poem/15333727-Woman-in-a-shoe--by-Marge-Piercy. Acesso em 20. out. 2024)

Qual é o tema que está presente nas três obras selecionadas e qual é o recurso estilístico quere corrente nelas?

Leia o Texto e escolha a alternativa correta que contenha 6 (seis) palavras cognatas.