Questões de Inglês

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Do men and women think about climate change differently?

 

    The disastrous effects of climate change are plain to see: in July 2022, devastating wildfires have torn through large areas of Europe and heatwaves have killed more than 1,000 people in Portugal and Spain. However, attitudes towards climate change vary significantly. A recent study found that two factors can predict concern about the warming world: GDP (Gross Domestic Product)¹ and gender.

    Sarah Bush and Amanda Clayton, two political scientists, drew on nine cross-national surveys and focus groups that together covered more than 100 countries between 2010 and 2021. First, they found that people surveyed in poorer countries rated climate change as a more serious problem than those in wealthier countries. They were also more likely to respond that they expect to be personally affected by a changing climate. That is hardly surprising. Poorer countries tend to be less prepared and thus more vulnerable to extreme weather, such as heatwaves and floods.

    The more peculiar finding was how people’s gender correlated with their responses. Most people, of any gender, recognise that climate change is a threat. In spite of that, in more wealthy countries men were more likely than women to answer that they were not concerned about it. Take America. In one survey by Pew Research Centre, 20% of men said that climate change is “not a problem”, while only 8% of women agreed. But as GDP per person decreases, the gap between men and women narrows. In Britain, the world’s fifth-largest economy, 11% of men answered that they were not concerned about climate change compared with 4% of women. The gap narrowed further still in South Africa, to a difference of just two percentage points. In Uganda, one of the world’s poorest countries, the pattern narrowly reversed: 2.4% of the women surveyed said that they were not concerned about climate change, compared with only 1.7% of men.

    The reasons for this gap are complex and highly dependent on variables in rich and poor countries. The gap in wealthy countries persisted among men and women regardless of their level of education, household income or political views — so these characteristics alone do not explain the difference. Climate concern in wealthy countries dropped especially dramatically among men. Studies have found that men in rich countries have a bigger carbon footprint than women, so they may feel they have more to lose from policies that limit emissions. Indeed the authors found that men surveyed in wealthy countries were 50% more likely than women to say that they feared financial costs of green policies. Even if this is the case, ignoring the risks of climate change is dangerously insensitive. The consequences for everyone of a warming world will be far more painful.

(www.economist.com, 22.07.2022. Adaptado.)

 

¹GDP (Gross Domestic Product): equivale, em português, ao PIB (Produto Interno Bruto). O PIB mede a atividade econômica de um país.

In the excerpt from the fourth paragraph “men surveyed in wealthy countries were 50% more likely than women to say that they feared financial costs of green policies”, the underlined word conveys the idea of

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Do men and women think about climate change differently?

 

    The disastrous effects of climate change are plain to see: in July 2022, devastating wildfires have torn through large areas of Europe and heatwaves have killed more than 1,000 people in Portugal and Spain. However, attitudes towards climate change vary significantly. A recent study found that two factors can predict concern about the warming world: GDP (Gross Domestic Product)¹ and gender.

    Sarah Bush and Amanda Clayton, two political scientists, drew on nine cross-national surveys and focus groups that together covered more than 100 countries between 2010 and 2021. First, they found that people surveyed in poorer countries rated climate change as a more serious problem than those in wealthier countries. They were also more likely to respond that they expect to be personally affected by a changing climate. That is hardly surprising. Poorer countries tend to be less prepared and thus more vulnerable to extreme weather, such as heatwaves and floods.

    The more peculiar finding was how people’s gender correlated with their responses. Most people, of any gender, recognise that climate change is a threat. In spite of that, in more wealthy countries men were more likely than women to answer that they were not concerned about it. Take America. In one survey by Pew Research Centre, 20% of men said that climate change is “not a problem”, while only 8% of women agreed. But as GDP per person decreases, the gap between men and women narrows. In Britain, the world’s fifth-largest economy, 11% of men answered that they were not concerned about climate change compared with 4% of women. The gap narrowed further still in South Africa, to a difference of just two percentage points. In Uganda, one of the world’s poorest countries, the pattern narrowly reversed: 2.4% of the women surveyed said that they were not concerned about climate change, compared with only 1.7% of men.

    The reasons for this gap are complex and highly dependent on variables in rich and poor countries. The gap in wealthy countries persisted among men and women regardless of their level of education, household income or political views — so these characteristics alone do not explain the difference. Climate concern in wealthy countries dropped especially dramatically among men. Studies have found that men in rich countries have a bigger carbon footprint than women, so they may feel they have more to lose from policies that limit emissions. Indeed the authors found that men surveyed in wealthy countries were 50% more likely than women to say that they feared financial costs of green policies. Even if this is the case, ignoring the risks of climate change is dangerously insensitive. The consequences for everyone of a warming world will be far more painful.

(www.economist.com, 22.07.2022. Adaptado.)

 

¹GDP (Gross Domestic Product): equivale, em português, ao PIB (Produto Interno Bruto). O PIB mede a atividade econômica de um país.

No contexto do segundo parágrafo, o trecho “Poorer countries tend to be less prepared and thus more vulnerable to extreme weather, such as heatwaves and floods”

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Do men and women think about climate change differently?

 

    The disastrous effects of climate change are plain to see: in July 2022, devastating wildfires have torn through large areas of Europe and heatwaves have killed more than 1,000 people in Portugal and Spain. However, attitudes towards climate change vary significantly. A recent study found that two factors can predict concern about the warming world: GDP (Gross Domestic Product)¹ and gender.

    Sarah Bush and Amanda Clayton, two political scientists, drew on nine cross-national surveys and focus groups that together covered more than 100 countries between 2010 and 2021. First, they found that people surveyed in poorer countries rated climate change as a more serious problem than those in wealthier countries. They were also more likely to respond that they expect to be personally affected by a changing climate. That is hardly surprising. Poorer countries tend to be less prepared and thus more vulnerable to extreme weather, such as heatwaves and floods.

    The more peculiar finding was how people’s gender correlated with their responses. Most people, of any gender, recognise that climate change is a threat. In spite of that, in more wealthy countries men were more likely than women to answer that they were not concerned about it. Take America. In one survey by Pew Research Centre, 20% of men said that climate change is “not a problem”, while only 8% of women agreed. But as GDP per person decreases, the gap between men and women narrows. In Britain, the world’s fifth-largest economy, 11% of men answered that they were not concerned about climate change compared with 4% of women. The gap narrowed further still in South Africa, to a difference of just two percentage points. In Uganda, one of the world’s poorest countries, the pattern narrowly reversed: 2.4% of the women surveyed said that they were not concerned about climate change, compared with only 1.7% of men.

    The reasons for this gap are complex and highly dependent on variables in rich and poor countries. The gap in wealthy countries persisted among men and women regardless of their level of education, household income or political views — so these characteristics alone do not explain the difference. Climate concern in wealthy countries dropped especially dramatically among men. Studies have found that men in rich countries have a bigger carbon footprint than women, so they may feel they have more to lose from policies that limit emissions. Indeed the authors found that men surveyed in wealthy countries were 50% more likely than women to say that they feared financial costs of green policies. Even if this is the case, ignoring the risks of climate change is dangerously insensitive. The consequences for everyone of a warming world will be far more painful.

(www.economist.com, 22.07.2022. Adaptado.)

 

¹GDP (Gross Domestic Product): equivale, em português, ao PIB (Produto Interno Bruto). O PIB mede a atividade econômica de um país.

De acordo com o primeiro parágrafo,

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    Are you smarter than a scammer? Play this game.

    Take this quiz to find out if you can spot what’s real and what’s fake

 

    No matter how cautious and untrusting you are, you could still end up falling for a scam. One reason is that scammers change their tactics constantly.

    In 2022, 2.4 million Americans reported to the Federal Trade Commission that they were victims of a scam, losing nearly $8.8 billion, a 30 percent increase from 2021. Most reported scam attempts come via email, followed by phone calls and text messages, and the most popular types of scams are people pretending to work in businesses or government agencies.

    Learn more about how to keep yourself safe by testing your instincts below and guessing whether each instance is a scam, using real-life examples.

(Heather Kelly. www.washingtonpost.com, 09.08.2023. Adaptado)

 

Scam – fraud.
Scammer – a person who commits a fraud.

 

A leitura do texto permite compreender que

    “When I was young, it seemed that life was so wonderful

    A miracle, oh, it was beautiful, magical

    And all the birds in the trees, well they’d be singing so happily

    Oh, joyfully, oh, playfully watching me

    But then they sent me away to teach me how to be sensible

    Logical, oh, responsible, practical

    Then they showed me a world where I could be so dependable

    pendable Oh, clinical, oh, intellectual, cynical”

(Supertramp. The Logical Song. Disponível em https://www.lyricfind.com/. Acesso em 05.08.2023

Os últimos quatro versos apresentam diversos adjetivos que indicam que o eu lírico deve assumir uma postura

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    Do you think of cats as nocturnal animals, asleep most of the day and awake at night?

    Are cats nocturnal? Unlike bats, for example, cats are not technically nocturnal. Instead, ‘cats are crepuscular,’ explains Michelle Lugones, a veterinarian at Best Friends Animal Society. ‘This means that they are wired to be most active at dusk and dawn.’

    ‘Many people think that cats are nocturnal because most people who have a cat will attest to the fact that their cat wakes them up in the middle of the night regularly,’ Dr. Lugones says. ‘But that overnight activity usually correlates to their crepuscular tendencies.

    Even though they’re not actually nocturnal, cats certainly do a lot of snoozing during the day. But while they sleep 12 and 15 hours a day, they’re not lazy, or even very deep sleepers! Cats are always ‘on the alert’ – even in their sleep. This means that if there’s a loud sound, they may wake up and instantly be bright and alert. It’s a protective mechanism designed to keep wild animals safe from predators and able to catch prey if the opportunity arises.

(Meghan Jones. Are Cats Nocturnal? Your Cat’s Overnight Activity, Explained. https://www.rd.com/article/are-cats-nocturnal/. 02.05.2023. Acesso em 08.08.2023. Adaptado)

 

Considerado o contexto, o segmento “But that overnight activity usually correlates to their crepuscular tendencies.”, em relação aos gatos, refere-se