Questões de Inglês

Directions: Answer question according to the text.

TEXT
 

WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY?

    Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th
century. Slavery continues today and harms people in
every country in the world.
    Women forced into prostitution. People forced to
[5] work in agriculture, domestic work and factories.
Children in sweatshops¹ producing goods sold globally.
Entire families forced to work for nothing to pay off
generational debts. Girls forced to marry older men.
    There are estimated 40.3 million people in modern
[10] slavery around the world, including:
    • 10 million children
    • 24.9 million people in forced labour
    • 15.4 million people in forced marriage
    • 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation
[15] Someone is in slavery if they are:
    • forced to work – through coercion, or mental or
physical threat;
    • owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through
mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;
[20]     • dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought
and sold as ‘property’;
    • physically constrained or have restrictions placed
on their freedom of movement.
Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of human
[25] society for most of human history. However, Anti-
Slavery International has refused to accept that this
bloody status quo should be allowed to persist (Aidan
McQuade, former director).
    Forms of modern slavery
[30]     Purposes of exploitation² can range from forced
prostitution and forced labour to forced marriage and
forced organ removal. Here are the most common
forms of modern slavery.
    • Forced labour – any work or services which people
[35] are forced to do against their will³ under the threat
of some form of punishment.
    • Debt bondage or bonded labour – the world’s most
widespread form of slavery, when people borrow
money they cannot repay and are required to work
[40] to pay off the debt, then losing control over the
conditions of both their employment and the debt.
    • Human trafficking– involves transporting, recruiting
or harbouring people for the purpose of exploitation,
using violence, threats or coercion.
[45]    • Descent-based slavery – where people are born
into slavery because their ancestors were captured
and enslaved; they remain in slavery by descent.
    • Child slavery – many people often confuse child
slavery with child labour, but it is much worse.
[50] Whilst⁴ child labour is harmful for children and
hinders⁵ their education and development, child
slavery occurs when a child is exploited for
someone else’s gain. It can include child trafficking,
child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic
[55] slavery.
    • Forced and early marriage – when someone is
married against their will and cannot leave the
marriage. Most child marriages can be considered
slavery.
[60]     Many forms of slavery have more than one element
listed above. For example, human trafficking often
involves advance payment for travel and a job abroad,
using money often borrowed from the traffickers. Then,
the debt contributes to control of the victims. Once they
[65] arrive, victims cannot leave until they pay off their debt.
    Many people think that slavery happens only
overseas, in developing countries. In fact, no country is
free from modern slavery, even Britain. The

Government estimates that there are tens of thousands
[70] people in modern slavery in the UK.
    Modern slavery can affect people of any age,
gender or race. However, contrary to a common
misconception⁶ that everyone can be a victim of
slavery, some groups of people are much more
[75] vulnerable to slavery than others.
    People who live in poverty⁷ and have limited
opportunities for decent work are more vulnerable to
accepting deceptive job offers that can turn exploitative.
People who are discriminated against on the basis of
[80] race, caste, or gender are also more likely to be
enslaved. Slavery is also more likely to occur where the
rule of law is weaker and corruption is rife.
Anti-Slavery International believes that we have to
tackle⁸ the root causes of slavery in order to end
[85] slavery for good. That’s why we published our Anti-
Slavery Charter, listing comprehensive measures that
need to be taken to end slavery across the world.

(Adapted from https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/)

Glossary:
1. sweatshop – a factory where workers are paid very little and work many hours in very bad conditions
2. exploitation – abuse, manipulation
3. will – wish, desire
4. whilst – while
5. to hinder – obstruct, stop
6. misconception – wrong idea/ impression
7. poverty – the condition of being extremely poor
8. to tackle – attack

Directions: Answer question according to the text.

TEXT
 

WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY?

    Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th
century. Slavery continues today and harms people in
every country in the world.
    Women forced into prostitution. People forced to
[5] work in agriculture, domestic work and factories.
Children in sweatshops¹ producing goods sold globally.
Entire families forced to work for nothing to pay off
generational debts. Girls forced to marry older men.
    There are estimated 40.3 million people in modern
[10] slavery around the world, including:
    • 10 million children
    • 24.9 million people in forced labour
    • 15.4 million people in forced marriage
    • 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation
[15] Someone is in slavery if they are:
    • forced to work – through coercion, or mental or
physical threat;
    • owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through
mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;
[20]     • dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought
and sold as ‘property’;
    • physically constrained or have restrictions placed
on their freedom of movement.
Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of human
[25] society for most of human history. However, Anti-
Slavery International has refused to accept that this
bloody status quo should be allowed to persist (Aidan
McQuade, former director).
    Forms of modern slavery
[30]     Purposes of exploitation² can range from forced
prostitution and forced labour to forced marriage and
forced organ removal. Here are the most common
forms of modern slavery.
    • Forced labour – any work or services which people
[35] are forced to do against their will³ under the threat
of some form of punishment.
    • Debt bondage or bonded labour – the world’s most
widespread form of slavery, when people borrow
money they cannot repay and are required to work
[40] to pay off the debt, then losing control over the
conditions of both their employment and the debt.
    • Human trafficking– involves transporting, recruiting
or harbouring people for the purpose of exploitation,
using violence, threats or coercion.
[45]    • Descent-based slavery – where people are born
into slavery because their ancestors were captured
and enslaved; they remain in slavery by descent.
    • Child slavery – many people often confuse child
slavery with child labour, but it is much worse.
[50] Whilst⁴ child labour is harmful for children and
hinders⁵ their education and development, child
slavery occurs when a child is exploited for
someone else’s gain. It can include child trafficking,
child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic
[55] slavery.
    • Forced and early marriage – when someone is
married against their will and cannot leave the
marriage. Most child marriages can be considered
slavery.
[60]     Many forms of slavery have more than one element
listed above. For example, human trafficking often
involves advance payment for travel and a job abroad,
using money often borrowed from the traffickers. Then,
the debt contributes to control of the victims. Once they
[65] arrive, victims cannot leave until they pay off their debt.
    Many people think that slavery happens only
overseas, in developing countries. In fact, no country is
free from modern slavery, even Britain. The

Government estimates that there are tens of thousands
[70] people in modern slavery in the UK.
    Modern slavery can affect people of any age,
gender or race. However, contrary to a common
misconception⁶ that everyone can be a victim of
slavery, some groups of people are much more
[75] vulnerable to slavery than others.
    People who live in poverty⁷ and have limited
opportunities for decent work are more vulnerable to
accepting deceptive job offers that can turn exploitative.
People who are discriminated against on the basis of
[80] race, caste, or gender are also more likely to be
enslaved. Slavery is also more likely to occur where the
rule of law is weaker and corruption is rife.
Anti-Slavery International believes that we have to
tackle⁸ the root causes of slavery in order to end
[85] slavery for good. That’s why we published our Anti-
Slavery Charter, listing comprehensive measures that
need to be taken to end slavery across the world.

(Adapted from https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/)

Glossary:
1. sweatshop – a factory where workers are paid very little and work many hours in very bad conditions
2. exploitation – abuse, manipulation
3. will – wish, desire
4. whilst – while
5. to hinder – obstruct, stop
6. misconception – wrong idea/ impression
7. poverty – the condition of being extremely poor
8. to tackle – attack

Directions: Answer question according to the text.

TEXT
 

WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY?

    Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th
century. Slavery continues today and harms people in
every country in the world.
    Women forced into prostitution. People forced to
[5] work in agriculture, domestic work and factories.
Children in sweatshops¹ producing goods sold globally.
Entire families forced to work for nothing to pay off
generational debts. Girls forced to marry older men.
    There are estimated 40.3 million people in modern
[10] slavery around the world, including:
    • 10 million children
    • 24.9 million people in forced labour
    • 15.4 million people in forced marriage
    • 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation
[15] Someone is in slavery if they are:
    • forced to work – through coercion, or mental or
physical threat;
    • owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through
mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;
[20]     • dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought
and sold as ‘property’;
    • physically constrained or have restrictions placed
on their freedom of movement.
Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of human
[25] society for most of human history. However, Anti-
Slavery International has refused to accept that this
bloody status quo should be allowed to persist (Aidan
McQuade, former director).
    Forms of modern slavery
[30]     Purposes of exploitation² can range from forced
prostitution and forced labour to forced marriage and
forced organ removal. Here are the most common
forms of modern slavery.
    • Forced labour – any work or services which people
[35] are forced to do against their will³ under the threat
of some form of punishment.
    • Debt bondage or bonded labour – the world’s most
widespread form of slavery, when people borrow
money they cannot repay and are required to work
[40] to pay off the debt, then losing control over the
conditions of both their employment and the debt.
    • Human trafficking– involves transporting, recruiting
or harbouring people for the purpose of exploitation,
using violence, threats or coercion.
[45]    • Descent-based slavery – where people are born
into slavery because their ancestors were captured
and enslaved; they remain in slavery by descent.
    • Child slavery – many people often confuse child
slavery with child labour, but it is much worse.
[50] Whilst⁴ child labour is harmful for children and
hinders⁵ their education and development, child
slavery occurs when a child is exploited for
someone else’s gain. It can include child trafficking,
child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic
[55] slavery.
    • Forced and early marriage – when someone is
married against their will and cannot leave the
marriage. Most child marriages can be considered
slavery.
[60]     Many forms of slavery have more than one element
listed above. For example, human trafficking often
involves advance payment for travel and a job abroad,
using money often borrowed from the traffickers. Then,
the debt contributes to control of the victims. Once they
[65] arrive, victims cannot leave until they pay off their debt.
    Many people think that slavery happens only
overseas, in developing countries. In fact, no country is
free from modern slavery, even Britain. The

Government estimates that there are tens of thousands
[70] people in modern slavery in the UK.
    Modern slavery can affect people of any age,
gender or race. However, contrary to a common
misconception⁶ that everyone can be a victim of
slavery, some groups of people are much more
[75] vulnerable to slavery than others.
    People who live in poverty⁷ and have limited
opportunities for decent work are more vulnerable to
accepting deceptive job offers that can turn exploitative.
People who are discriminated against on the basis of
[80] race, caste, or gender are also more likely to be
enslaved. Slavery is also more likely to occur where the
rule of law is weaker and corruption is rife.
Anti-Slavery International believes that we have to
tackle⁸ the root causes of slavery in order to end
[85] slavery for good. That’s why we published our Anti-
Slavery Charter, listing comprehensive measures that
need to be taken to end slavery across the world.

(Adapted from https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/)

Glossary:
1. sweatshop – a factory where workers are paid very little and work many hours in very bad conditions
2. exploitation – abuse, manipulation
3. will – wish, desire
4. whilst – while
5. to hinder – obstruct, stop
6. misconception – wrong idea/ impression
7. poverty – the condition of being extremely poor
8. to tackle – attack

Directions: Answer question according to the text.

TEXT
 

WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY?

    Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th
century. Slavery continues today and harms people in
every country in the world.
    Women forced into prostitution. People forced to
[5] work in agriculture, domestic work and factories.
Children in sweatshops¹ producing goods sold globally.
Entire families forced to work for nothing to pay off
generational debts. Girls forced to marry older men.
    There are estimated 40.3 million people in modern
[10] slavery around the world, including:
    • 10 million children
    • 24.9 million people in forced labour
    • 15.4 million people in forced marriage
    • 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation
[15] Someone is in slavery if they are:
    • forced to work – through coercion, or mental or
physical threat;
    • owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through
mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;
[20]     • dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought
and sold as ‘property’;
    • physically constrained or have restrictions placed
on their freedom of movement.
Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of human
[25] society for most of human history. However, Anti-
Slavery International has refused to accept that this
bloody status quo should be allowed to persist (Aidan
McQuade, former director).
    Forms of modern slavery
[30]     Purposes of exploitation² can range from forced
prostitution and forced labour to forced marriage and
forced organ removal. Here are the most common
forms of modern slavery.
    • Forced labour – any work or services which people
[35] are forced to do against their will³ under the threat
of some form of punishment.
    • Debt bondage or bonded labour – the world’s most
widespread form of slavery, when people borrow
money they cannot repay and are required to work
[40] to pay off the debt, then losing control over the
conditions of both their employment and the debt.
    • Human trafficking– involves transporting, recruiting
or harbouring people for the purpose of exploitation,
using violence, threats or coercion.
[45]    • Descent-based slavery – where people are born
into slavery because their ancestors were captured
and enslaved; they remain in slavery by descent.
    • Child slavery – many people often confuse child
slavery with child labour, but it is much worse.
[50] Whilst⁴ child labour is harmful for children and
hinders⁵ their education and development, child
slavery occurs when a child is exploited for
someone else’s gain. It can include child trafficking,
child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic
[55] slavery.
    • Forced and early marriage – when someone is
married against their will and cannot leave the
marriage. Most child marriages can be considered
slavery.
[60]     Many forms of slavery have more than one element
listed above. For example, human trafficking often
involves advance payment for travel and a job abroad,
using money often borrowed from the traffickers. Then,
the debt contributes to control of the victims. Once they
[65] arrive, victims cannot leave until they pay off their debt.
    Many people think that slavery happens only
overseas, in developing countries. In fact, no country is
free from modern slavery, even Britain. The

Government estimates that there are tens of thousands
[70] people in modern slavery in the UK.
    Modern slavery can affect people of any age,
gender or race. However, contrary to a common
misconception⁶ that everyone can be a victim of
slavery, some groups of people are much more
[75] vulnerable to slavery than others.
    People who live in poverty⁷ and have limited
opportunities for decent work are more vulnerable to
accepting deceptive job offers that can turn exploitative.
People who are discriminated against on the basis of
[80] race, caste, or gender are also more likely to be
enslaved. Slavery is also more likely to occur where the
rule of law is weaker and corruption is rife.
Anti-Slavery International believes that we have to
tackle⁸ the root causes of slavery in order to end
[85] slavery for good. That’s why we published our Anti-
Slavery Charter, listing comprehensive measures that
need to be taken to end slavery across the world.

(Adapted from https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/)

Glossary:
1. sweatshop – a factory where workers are paid very little and work many hours in very bad conditions
2. exploitation – abuse, manipulation
3. will – wish, desire
4. whilst – while
5. to hinder – obstruct, stop
6. misconception – wrong idea/ impression
7. poverty – the condition of being extremely poor
8. to tackle – attack

STATE-SPONSORED HAPPINESS
By Karen Greenspan

[1]     Last November [2015], citizens of the tiny Himalayan nation of Bhutan were in a frenzy preparing for the sixtieth birth anniversary of their previous
king, His Majesty the Fourth Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who had reigned from 1972–2006. This wise, benevolent, and
innovative leader brought Bhutan into the modern age by implementing such public policies as free public education, free healthcare services, well-planned
business development, internet connectivity, and vigorous environmental protections. In an unparalleled move, he launched the drafting of a constitution
and shifted the country to democracy. He then abdicated the throne to his eldest son, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. According to many, the
Fourth Druk Gyalpo made this move because he did not want his son to be thrust unprepared into the role of leadership as he had been at age sixteen when
his father died suddenly and unexpectedly.
[2]     The Fourth Druk Gyalpo is probably most renowned, however, for introducing the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH)—the government policy
that measures the growth and development of the country by the happiness and contentment of its people. At the core of the policy are four priorities—
equitable and sustainable development, protection of the environment, preservation and promotion of Bhutan’s unique cultural heritage, and provision
of good and responsive governance.
[3]     In honor of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo’s birthday, the entire country observed three days of celebration from November 9-11. Because Bhutan is a Buddhist
country, prayers and rituals were woven into the festivities. The Je Khenpo, spiritual leader of the country, wrote a special zhabten—a prayer for the long
life of an individual composed by a senior spiritual figure whose power of speech is considered capable of turning word into reality. Other prayers and texts
were to be recited across the country in fortresses, monasteries, temples, and seminaries. At Changlimithang Stadium in the capital city of Thimphu, one
hundred monks rehearsed a sacred dance called Zheng Zhi Pem, which is a component of the Longevity Ritual. An elaborate ceremonial procession with
military, monastic, and government officials, as well as an honor guard of one thousand army personnel, was presented three times to His Majesty.
[4]     Because the people of Bhutan are so happy – more than ninety-one percent of the population were scored as happy in a 2015 GNH survey – many of
them wanted to participate in showing gratitude for His Majesty’s leadership. The currency [moeda] of gratitude in this land of happiness is dance. As a
result, practically all of Bhutan took part in commemorating – mostly through dance – the birthday of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo. The release of thousands
of colorful, biodegradable balloons and three cake-cutting ceremonies capped the celebrations.
[5]     What I understood, after witnessing these events in November, is that a government’s focus on the happiness of a country’s people can be a powerful
transformative force, an instrument for positive social change.

Adapted from Natural History, March 2016.

STATE-SPONSORED HAPPINESS
By Karen Greenspan

[1]     Last November [2015], citizens of the tiny Himalayan nation of Bhutan were in a frenzy preparing for the sixtieth birth anniversary of their previous
king, His Majesty the Fourth Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who had reigned from 1972–2006. This wise, benevolent, and
innovative leader brought Bhutan into the modern age by implementing such public policies as free public education, free healthcare services, well-planned
business development, internet connectivity, and vigorous environmental protections. In an unparalleled move, he launched the drafting of a constitution
and shifted the country to democracy. He then abdicated the throne to his eldest son, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. According to many, the
Fourth Druk Gyalpo made this move because he did not want his son to be thrust unprepared into the role of leadership as he had been at age sixteen when
his father died suddenly and unexpectedly.
[2]     The Fourth Druk Gyalpo is probably most renowned, however, for introducing the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH)—the government policy
that measures the growth and development of the country by the happiness and contentment of its people. At the core of the policy are four priorities—
equitable and sustainable development, protection of the environment, preservation and promotion of Bhutan’s unique cultural heritage, and provision
of good and responsive governance.
[3]     In honor of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo’s birthday, the entire country observed three days of celebration from November 9-11. Because Bhutan is a Buddhist
country, prayers and rituals were woven into the festivities. The Je Khenpo, spiritual leader of the country, wrote a special zhabten—a prayer for the long
life of an individual composed by a senior spiritual figure whose power of speech is considered capable of turning word into reality. Other prayers and texts
were to be recited across the country in fortresses, monasteries, temples, and seminaries. At Changlimithang Stadium in the capital city of Thimphu, one
hundred monks rehearsed a sacred dance called Zheng Zhi Pem, which is a component of the Longevity Ritual. An elaborate ceremonial procession with
military, monastic, and government officials, as well as an honor guard of one thousand army personnel, was presented three times to His Majesty.
[4]     Because the people of Bhutan are so happy – more than ninety-one percent of the population were scored as happy in a 2015 GNH survey – many of
them wanted to participate in showing gratitude for His Majesty’s leadership. The currency [moeda] of gratitude in this land of happiness is dance. As a
result, practically all of Bhutan took part in commemorating – mostly through dance – the birthday of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo. The release of thousands
of colorful, biodegradable balloons and three cake-cutting ceremonies capped the celebrations.
[5]     What I understood, after witnessing these events in November, is that a government’s focus on the happiness of a country’s people can be a powerful
transformative force, an instrument for positive social change.

Adapted from Natural History, March 2016.