Questões de Inglês

CROs and Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Research

 

    When we think of AI, we think of robots that act like humans or computer programs that have a
“conscience”. This concept is largely associated with science fiction, but it’s fast becoming a reality all
around us.
    These days, AI is a hot topic in multiple industries – even in clinical research. Essentially, AI, or
[5] Artificial Intelligence, is a field combining computer science with expansive datasets, which allows for
machine-enabled problem solving. AI writing and art generators are the better-known examples for the
general public, but it is also used in other industries, such as clinical research, which is shifting to more
decentralized models, as the use of wearable medical technology has risen.
   Actually, AI can support and improve the use of wearables in many ways. Besides automatically
[10] collecting and processing data inputs, it can also automate decision-making regarding device notifications.
An AI program could also generate recommended patient actions based on patterns in their health data.
    There are several obstacles when it comes to decentralized clinical trials, one of which is data collection
and processing. Since patients are off-site, they have to regularly and consciously submit their own
participation data. This can bring up issues with patient compliance and data errors. CROs and medical
[15] research institutions can leverage AI to solve these issues in several ways. They can create algorithms to
analyze patient data and create decisions that will achieve a desired outcome. Lastly, AI can optimize
and generate notifications that prompt patients to complete  electronic clinical outcome assessments
(eCOA) for a more reliable data pool.
    Moreover, AI programs can assist patients in submitting their data by analyzing the quality of the
[20] data prior to acceptance. For example, an AI program can evaluate an image to see whether it fits the
requirements of the clinical trial. It can then prompt the patient to retake the image with recommendations
regarding image quality, such as lighting or angle. This limits the amount of insufficient or substandard
submissions, thereby leading to fewer data processing errors.
    Of course, implementing new technologies comes with challenges and difficulties. This is especially
[25] true when it comes to a complex technology such as AI, which is still being developed and optimized.
But, what is important is that existing applications of artificial intelligence in clinical practices and trials
have begun changing the way research is conducted and executed. AI has been supporting, enhancing,
and transforming clinical research – all to the benefit of patients all over the world.

Adapted from: vial.com/blog. Accessed June 7 2023.

Considering “clinical research”, the main focus of the article is to:

Read the article and answer the questions.

Real-Life stories – why I chose medicine

 

We asked several medical students why they chose to study medicine and to give some advice to those considering it as a career choice.

 

Read their stories below

 

"A career in medicine has always been at the forefront of my mind, I may not have got there in the orthodox way by leaving school and heading straight to medical school, but finally I am there!

After school I went to university to study biology at both BSc and MSc level. I was not the kind of student at my school that was deemed academically good enough to study medicine. I enjoyed the degree but knew a career in biological research was not for me, and on completion of my thesis I started a job with a pharmaceutical company as a sales representative. I enjoyed my job, it was straightforward, social and well-paid, it was a role I was able to fill well, but it was not in any way what I saw myself doing for the rest of my working life. After much debate and advice, I had nothing to lose in making a massive effort to get into medical school. The only job I knew that I wanted to do was medicine. I secured a place on an Access to Medicine course, which got me back up to speed and into the swing of studying again, and from there I secured a place at medical school. Getting the acceptance letter was a very emotional and life-changing day. One I will never forget.

Studying medicine is a privilege, to me medicine is the ultimate career. What other career can you chose which provides constant mental stimulation, a continuous opportunity to learn and progress, flexible working and a decent salary. But most importantly, a career in medicine empowers you to help people, to be respected by others and to feel job satisfaction in a way that is impossible to feel in many other careers. The opportunities are endless, and the choice vast, however along with this comes huge responsibility to individual patients, the population as a whole and the team in which you are working. In addition, the NHS may receive a great deal of press about its status, but at a time where many people are being made redundant, doctors are still in the same demand. I had to put a great deal of thought into the viability of studying medicine at the age of 27, although jobs are not guaranteed they are still readily available." (Kate, Brighton)

"Why medicine? I'm a geek; I love science, and I love challenges. I also really enjoy working with and understanding people. I chose medicine because it offered me the opportunity to integrate these interests and apply them in a very practical profession. From examining patients to phlebotomy to suturing, it's not just about memorizing information, medicine is very much about applied skills. I'm now in my fourth year and I find it hugely rewarding to put together all the pieces of the puzzle- the history elicited with good communication skills, the knowledge of human biology and the findings from examination and investigations to suggest a diagnosis and be told it was the right one! Medicine is my second degree and the decision to stay a student for another 5 years when my friends were all in gainful employment wasn't an easy one. But it was the right one for me." (Catherine, Aberdeen)

Available at: https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/why-study-medicine/why-i-chose-medicine Accessed: September 7, 2023.

In the sentence "I was not the kind of student at my school that was deemed academically good enough to study medicine.”, the word deemed can be replaced by

INSTRUÇÃO: As charges são uma forma de expressão artística e satírica que abordam uma ampla gama de temas, desde política e sociedade até cultura pop e eventos atuais. Com sua capacidade única de combinar ilustrações humorísticas com comentários afiados, as charges têm o poder de capturar a essência de uma situação e promover reflexões de maneira lúdica e muitas vezes provocadora. Leia, atentamente, a charge a seguir, para responder à questão.

Disponível em: https://quotesgram.com/cartoon-funny-god-quotes/. Acesso em: 23 set. 2023. Adaptado.

 

De acordo com a charge, qual o ponto de vista do anjo que conversa com Deus?

ABSTRACT

 

This research attempts to apprehend the symbolic universe of racist, revisionist and neonazi pages in the Internet. The aim of the investigation is to understand what kind of relationship is built between the digital space and the defense of the idea of an “Aryan race”. This is done by means of ethnographic observation of practices and discursive representations posted at sites, forums, communities, chats and discussion lists. I focus on those symbolics aspects that highlight best the interface between digital space and racism, by means of both empirical research and theoretical exercise. From this vantage point, some features of the identitary construction developed by racists for themselves and for others were made visible, namely, the genomic and mythic marks of their discourse, the redefinition of the frontiers between digital world and reality, and the “Aryan” political struggle in the WEB. The main argument resulting from this research is that the neonazism interprets symbolically the contemporary world by articulating myths, narratives e rituals. Along this process, a specific way of identity is manifested: the “teutonicism”.

Keywords: Anthropology. Ethnography. Struturalism. Identity. Neo-nazism. Cyberspace.

(Adaptado de DIAS, A.A.M.. Anacronautas do teutonismo virtual: uma etnografia do neonazismo na Internet. Dissertação (Mestrado em Antropologia Social), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2007.)

 

O texto ABSTRACT é uma adaptação do resumo da dissertação de mestrado da pesquisadora recentemente falecida, Adriana Dias, da Unicamp, reconhecida como maior especialista brasileira em neonazismo praticado na Internet .

 

Qual das afirmações abaixo explicaria corretamente a razão pela qual Adriana utilizou aspas em palavras específicas do texto (realçadas em negrito)?

Texto para a questão.

 

When one of the most important e-mail messages of his life landed in his in-box a few years ago, Kord Campbell overlooked it.

By
MATT RICHTEL

 

SAN FRANCISCO — When one of the most important e-mail messages of his life landed in his in-box a few years ago, Kord Campbell overlooked it.

Not just for a day or two, but 12 days. He finally saw it while sifting through old messages: A big company wanted to buy his Internet start-up.

The message had slipped by him amid an electronic flood: two computer screens alive with e-mail, instant messages, online chats, a Web browser and the computer code he was writing.

While he managed to salvage the $1.3 million deal after apologizing to his suitor, Campbell continues to struggle with the effects of the deluge of data. Even after he unplugs, he craves the stimulation he gets from his electronic gadgets. He forgets things like dinner plans, and he has trouble focusing on his family.

His wife, Brenda, complains, “It seems like he can no longer be fully in the moment.” This is your brain on computers.

Disponível em: https://www.seattletimes.com/. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2023. (Adaptado).

Na língua inglesa, temos a voz ativa e voz passiva. Aquele que consegue colocar em seu texto a voz passiva torna sua escrita mais rica.

 

A sentença retirada do texto que está na voz passiva é

Texto para a questão.

 

When one of the most important e-mail messages of his life landed in his in-box a few years ago, Kord Campbell overlooked it.

By
MATT RICHTEL

 

SAN FRANCISCO — When one of the most important e-mail messages of his life landed in his in-box a few years ago, Kord Campbell overlooked it.

Not just for a day or two, but 12 days. He finally saw it while sifting through old messages: A big company wanted to buy his Internet start-up.

The message had slipped by him amid an electronic flood: two computer screens alive with e-mail, instant messages, online chats, a Web browser and the computer code he was writing.

While he managed to salvage the $1.3 million deal after apologizing to his suitor, Campbell continues to struggle with the effects of the deluge of data. Even after he unplugs, he craves the stimulation he gets from his electronic gadgets. He forgets things like dinner plans, and he has trouble focusing on his family.

His wife, Brenda, complains, “It seems like he can no longer be fully in the moment.” This is your brain on computers.

Disponível em: https://www.seattletimes.com/. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2023. (Adaptado).

O motivo de Kord Campbell não ter visto o e-mail de grande importância foi por causa