Questões de Inglês

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How Sleep Strengthens Your Immune System

 

Numerous studies have reported the benefits of a good night’s sleep, and now researchers from Germany have found that sound sleep improves immune cells known as T cells.

“T cells are a type of… immune cells that fight against intracellular pathogens, for example virus-infected cells such as flu, HIV, herpes, and cancer cells,” Stoyan Dimitrov, PhD, told Healthline.

The study found a new mechanism through which sleep can assist the immune system.

“We show that the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline and pro-inflammatory molecules prostaglandins inhibit the stickiness of a class of adhesion molecules called integrins,” Dr. Dimitrov said. “Because the levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and prostaglandins are low during sleep time, the stickiness of the integrins is stronger. This stickiness is important because in order for T cells to kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells, they need to get in direct contact with them, and the integrin stickiness is known to promote this contact.”

When cells in the body recognize a virally infected cell, they activate integrins, a sticky type of protein, that then allows them to attach to and kill infected cells.

The researchers compared T cells from healthy volunteers who either slept or stayed awake all night.

They found that in the study participants who slept, their T cells showed higher levels of integrin activation than in the T cells of those who were awake.

The findings indicate that sleep has the potential to improve T cell functioning. For people who get poor sleep, stress hormones may inhibit the ability of T cells to function as effectively.

Less than five hours sleep per night on a regular basis is associated with higher mortality, and having less than seven hours sleep for three nights in a row has the same effect on the body as missing one full night of sleep.

Poor sleep can increase inflammation, blood pressure, insulin resistance, cortisol, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease, as well as decrease blood sugar regulation.

Despite numerous studies proving the negative health impacts of poor sleep, experts say many people still don’t prioritize getting enough sleep.

Adaptado de: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-sleepbolsters-your-immune-system#The-bottom-line Acessado em 21 de fevereiro de 2019.

T cells activities

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New Parents Don’t Get Enough Sleep for Six Years After a Child Is Born

 

Those first three months with a newborn can be rough, but researchers say sleep deprivation is an issue with parents for years. New parents are sometimes shocked to discover how little sleep they get in the first six months after a baby is born. They might also be discouraged to learn that their sleep patterns might not return to normal until that newborn is ready for kindergarten.

A new study published in the journal Sleep found that both parental sleep satisfaction and sleep duration sharply declined after childbirth, hitting their lowest point when a baby is 3 months old.

Women’s sleep duration and quality were far more affected than men, whether or not they breastfed their child. Women lost an average of one hour of sleep nightly compared to what they got prior to pregnancy, while men lost about 15 minutes of sleep per night.

Even four to six years after childbirth, mothers were getting 20 minutes less sleep per night than before they became pregnant, while fathers were still getting 15 minutes less sleep.

“The short-term effects of childbirth on parental sleep is well known. Our study just confirmed these effects,” Lemola told Healthline. “However, it was largely unexpected to find decreased sleep duration and sleep satisfaction six years after birth.”

Sleep was more affected among first-time parents than among parents with more than one child.

The findings were based on interviews of 4,659 parents who had a child between 2008 and 2015.

“While having children is a major source of joy for most parents, it is possible that increased demands and responsibilities associated with the role as a parent lead to shorter sleep and decreased sleep quality even up to six years after birth of the first child,” said Lemola.

Lemola said that future research would be required to determine how parents can cope with sleep loss and regain their sleep patterns sooner.

Adaptado de: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/newparents-dont-get-sound-sleep-for-6-years#The-bottom-line Acessado em 04 de março de 2019.

The finding that sleep deprivation six years after birth is common

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.

 

New Parents Don’t Get Enough Sleep for Six Years After a Child Is Born

 

Those first three months with a newborn can be rough, but researchers say sleep deprivation is an issue with parents for years. New parents are sometimes shocked to discover how little sleep they get in the first six months after a baby is born. They might also be discouraged to learn that their sleep patterns might not return to normal until that newborn is ready for kindergarten.

A new study published in the journal Sleep found that both parental sleep satisfaction and sleep duration sharply declined after childbirth, hitting their lowest point when a baby is 3 months old.

Women’s sleep duration and quality were far more affected than men, whether or not they breastfed their child. Women lost an average of one hour of sleep nightly compared to what they got prior to pregnancy, while men lost about 15 minutes of sleep per night.

Even four to six years after childbirth, mothers were getting 20 minutes less sleep per night than before they became pregnant, while fathers were still getting 15 minutes less sleep.

“The short-term effects of childbirth on parental sleep is well known. Our study just confirmed these effects,” Lemola told Healthline. “However, it was largely unexpected to find decreased sleep duration and sleep satisfaction six years after birth.”

Sleep was more affected among first-time parents than among parents with more than one child.

The findings were based on interviews of 4,659 parents who had a child between 2008 and 2015.

“While having children is a major source of joy for most parents, it is possible that increased demands and responsibilities associated with the role as a parent lead to shorter sleep and decreased sleep quality even up to six years after birth of the first child,” said Lemola.

Lemola said that future research would be required to determine how parents can cope with sleep loss and regain their sleep patterns sooner.

Adaptado de: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/newparents-dont-get-sound-sleep-for-6-years#The-bottom-line Acessado em 04 de março de 2019.

As for sleep deprivation after childbirth, one can assert that

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.

 

New Parents Don’t Get Enough Sleep for Six Years After a Child Is Born

 

Those first three months with a newborn can be rough, but researchers say sleep deprivation is an issue with parents for years. New parents are sometimes shocked to discover how little sleep they get in the first six months after a baby is born. They might also be discouraged to learn that their sleep patterns might not return to normal until that newborn is ready for kindergarten.

A new study published in the journal Sleep found that both parental sleep satisfaction and sleep duration sharply declined after childbirth, hitting their lowest point when a baby is 3 months old.

Women’s sleep duration and quality were far more affected than men, whether or not they breastfed their child. Women lost an average of one hour of sleep nightly compared to what they got prior to pregnancy, while men lost about 15 minutes of sleep per night.

Even four to six years after childbirth, mothers were getting 20 minutes less sleep per night than before they became pregnant, while fathers were still getting 15 minutes less sleep.

“The short-term effects of childbirth on parental sleep is well known. Our study just confirmed these effects,” Lemola told Healthline. “However, it was largely unexpected to find decreased sleep duration and sleep satisfaction six years after birth.”

Sleep was more affected among first-time parents than among parents with more than one child.

The findings were based on interviews of 4,659 parents who had a child between 2008 and 2015.

“While having children is a major source of joy for most parents, it is possible that increased demands and responsibilities associated with the role as a parent lead to shorter sleep and decreased sleep quality even up to six years after birth of the first child,” said Lemola.

Lemola said that future research would be required to determine how parents can cope with sleep loss and regain their sleep patterns sooner.

Adaptado de: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/newparents-dont-get-sound-sleep-for-6-years#The-bottom-line Acessado em 04 de março de 2019.

Researchers have found that sleep deprivation

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How disgraced anti-vaxxer Andrew Wakefield was embraced by Trump's America

 

Twenty years after his discredited paper linked autism to the MMR jab, the doctor – who was struck off the medical register in the UK – has become a leading light in the US and frighteningly influential worldwide.

There cannot be many doctors as thoroughly discredited and ostracized as Andrew Wakefield has been in the UK who are subsequently seen smiling at the inauguration ball of a US president and later discovered to be dating the Australian model Elle Macpherson.

But there he is. Wakefield was all but drummed out of Britain. The gastroenterologist lost his job, had his scientific paper linking the MMR vaccine and autism retracted by medical journal the Lancet and, in 2010, was struck off the medical register. He disappeared to the US and it was assumed he had gone to ground, having lost all credibility. He was a spent force, even though his name was often in the air as the anti-MMR views he seeded around the world led to many parents shunning the vaccine and outbreaks of measles wherever anyone had heard Wakefield’s creed.

Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/18/how-disgraced-anti-vaxxer-andrew-wakefield-was-embraced-by-trumps-america Access 07/20/2018

 

Analise as afirmações abaixo sobre o texto.

 

I. O autor discorda do posicionamento de Andrew Wakefield e deixa isso claro por meio do uso de diversos adjetivos com conotação pejorativa dirigidos ao cientista e ao seu trabalho.
II. Os americanos aceitaram as ideias de Wakefield por desconhecerem seu histórico na Inglaterra.
III. Wakefield reconhece as limitações de sua pesquisa e se retratou por meio de uma publicação no periódico Lancent.
IV. A menção a aspectos da vida particular de Wakefield descredita o texto publicado.
V. Apesar das consequências sofridas, Wakefield influenciou muitos pais com suas ideias

Read the text.

 

Rare STI could turn into superbug, doctors warn

Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) has similar symptoms to chlamydia but is more resistant to treatment and can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women and, ultimately, infertility.

MG, first identified in the 1980s, often has no symptoms but in women it can cause a burning sensation when urinating and pain or bleeding during and after sex. In men symptoms include watery discharge from the penis.

Around one to two per cent of men and women are thought to be infected with the disease, although rates in some STD clinics are as high as 38 per cent.

The British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) has launched new guidelines for the treatment and diagnosis of the disease, which recommend a specific diagnostic test: a nucleic acid amplification test.

The guidelines recommend that MG is treated with a seven-day course of the antibiotic doxycycline, followed by a course of azithromycin. But the disease is often misdiagnosed as chlamydia and treated as such - treatment is similar but the dosage and duration of treatment are different.

Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/rare-sti-could-turn-superbug-doctors-warn/ Access 07/20/2018

 

Considere as afirmações que seguem sobre o texto.

 

I. A doença sexualmente transmissível mencionada é decorrente de uma superbactéria.
II. Há uma nova forma de diagnóstico.
III. Essa doença causa infertilidade nas mulheres.
IV. Trata-se de uma síndrome comum em 38% da população mundial.
V. Um dos agravantes do problema é o diagnóstico inadequado.