Questões de Inglês

Migration flows in Latin America and the Caribbean

UNICEF Situation Report - September 2018

In the past two years, there has been an increase of Venezuelan citizens entering Brazil through the Roraima State border. According to Brazilian authorities’ estimations as of April 2018, the migration stock of Venezuelans in Brazil is of approximately 50,000 people most of them in Pacaraima and Boa Vista (Roraima state). Around 12 per cent are living in official shelters, while the majority are living either in private accommodations, spontaneous shelters or on the streets. The migratory influx is on the rise, putting extra pressure on the already overwhelmed basic services and limited capacity of local institutions. According to the Federal Police, up to 800 Venezuelan migrants may be crossing the border each day. Results from the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) exercise conducted by IOM, indicate that nearly 50 per cent of respondents are expecting to stay in Brazil. Since February 2018, a voluntary relocation programme, known as the ‘interiorization plan’, was launched by the Brazilian Government offering migrants living in shelters the opportunity to move to other states. The programme includes transportation to other regions, housing and support for integration in host communities and labour market. At least 65 per cent of DTM’s interviewees were interested in participating in the interiorization process, particularly to Amazonas and São Paulo states.

(Source: UNICEF, Migration flows in Latin America and the Caribbean –Situation Report, Sept 2018. Available at: https://reliefweb. int/report/venezuela-bolivarian-republic/unicef-migration-flows-latin-america-and-caribbean-situation)

Migration flows in Latin America and the Caribbean

UNICEF Situation Report - September 2018

In the past two years, there has been an increase of Venezuelan citizens entering Brazil through the Roraima State border. According to Brazilian authorities’ estimations as of April 2018, the migration stock of Venezuelans in Brazil is of approximately 50,000 people most of them in Pacaraima and Boa Vista (Roraima state). Around 12 per cent are living in official shelters, while the majority are living either in private accommodations, spontaneous shelters or on the streets. The migratory influx is on the rise, putting extra pressure on the already overwhelmed basic services and limited capacity of local institutions. According to the Federal Police, up to 800 Venezuelan migrants may be crossing the border each day. Results from the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) exercise conducted by IOM, indicate that nearly 50 per cent of respondents are expecting to stay in Brazil. Since February 2018, a voluntary relocation programme, known as the ‘interiorization plan’, was launched by the Brazilian Government offering migrants living in shelters the opportunity to move to other states. The programme includes transportation to other regions, housing and support for integration in host communities and labour market. At least 65 per cent of DTM’s interviewees were interested in participating in the interiorization process, particularly to Amazonas and São Paulo states.

(Source: UNICEF, Migration flows in Latin America and the Caribbean –Situation Report, Sept 2018. Available at: https://reliefweb. int/report/venezuela-bolivarian-republic/unicef-migration-flows-latin-america-and-caribbean-situation)

Migration flows in Latin America and the Caribbean

UNICEF Situation Report - September 2018

In the past two years, there has been an increase of Venezuelan citizens entering Brazil through the Roraima State border. According to Brazilian authorities’ estimations as of April 2018, the migration stock of Venezuelans in Brazil is of approximately 50,000 people most of them in Pacaraima and Boa Vista (Roraima state). Around 12 per cent are living in official shelters, while the majority are living either in private accommodations, spontaneous shelters or on the streets. The migratory influx is on the rise, putting extra pressure on the already overwhelmed basic services and limited capacity of local institutions. According to the Federal Police, up to 800 Venezuelan migrants may be crossing the border each day. Results from the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) exercise conducted by IOM, indicate that nearly 50 per cent of respondents are expecting to stay in Brazil. Since February 2018, a voluntary relocation programme, known as the ‘interiorization plan’, was launched by the Brazilian Government offering migrants living in shelters the opportunity to move to other states. The programme includes transportation to other regions, housing and support for integration in host communities and labour market. At least 65 per cent of DTM’s interviewees were interested in participating in the interiorization process, particularly to Amazonas and São Paulo states.

(Source: UNICEF, Migration flows in Latin America and the Caribbean –Situation Report, Sept 2018. Available at: https://reliefweb. int/report/venezuela-bolivarian-republic/unicef-migration-flows-latin-america-and-caribbean-situation)

Leia a entrevista a seguir e responda à questão.

Vaccines and the Anti-Vaccination Movement: An Interview with Dr. Paul Offit

Lindsay Beyerstein

Dr. Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Education Center and chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases at Children’s Hospital in Philadelphia

Beyerstein: What is herd immunity, and what kind of vaccination rate do we need to sustain to keep herd immunity strong for measles?

Offit: Herd immunity just means that enough people are vaccinated in the population so that the virus or the bacteria has a lot of trouble spreading from one person to the next because so many people are vaccinated. In terms of the level of herd immunity that’s necessary, it depends on the nature and contagiousness of the virus or bacteria you’re trying to prevent. For these highly contagious viruses like measles, mumps, or chicken pox, you really need to have between 92 and 94 percent of the population immunized in order to prevent that spread.

For diseases that are less contagious, you don’t need as high of a percentage because what happens is that when herd immunity starts to fade, you see exactly what you’re seeing now—which is the most contagious diseases come back first: measles, mumps, whooping cough. It’s just what you would expect.

Beyerstein: Many of the anti-vaccination parents are well educated and affluent. Why do you think that they’re such fertile ground for these crazy ideas?

Offit: I think they don’t fear the disease. I think it’s that simple. I think in Southern California, you’re living this wealthy, upper middle class, upper-class environment. You’re eating well, you’re exercising. You don’t see this disease so you think this is not going to happen to me, until it happens to you. That’s the way it always works with these diseases.

Beyerstein: There is this group that you’ve identified as the vaccine hesitant parents, and you said that they have a big role to play in improving public health outcomes for vaccinations. Who are they and what can we do to get them on our side?

Offit: Most people, there’s just an anti-vaccine sentiment. They don’t see the disease; they’re not scared of the disease; they’ve read scary stuff on the Internet. They’re not sure what they should do. I think those people are, for the most part, convincible. I think we just have to be a little more compelling in the way we try and convince them.

Beyerstein: Are people more friendly toward, say, polio vaccinations because they know that polio means paralysis? I get the sense that people are less likely to want to refuse that ththem on our side?an a measles vaccine or a diphtheria vaccine, or pertussis, that they don’t even know what the disease really is.

Offit: It’s interesting, isn’t it? People are hesitant to get an HPV vaccine, human papilloma virus vaccine, to prevent a disease that causes twenty-five thousand cases of cancer, four thousand deaths a year. Yet, they’re happy to get a polio vaccine. We haven’t had a case of polio in the United States since 1979. You’re right. I think we’re not very good at judging risk.

Beyerstein: There was an opinion editorial in USA Today recently that was arguing that parents who refuse to vaaccinate for mandatory vaccines should be jailed. Do you think that is acceptable or necessary?

Offit: No, I think that goes too far. We have three ways that you can choose not to get a vaccine in this country and one is a medical exemption. I think that’s fine. I think this so-called personal belief exemption is nonsensical. Vaccines aren’t a belief system. They’re an evidence-based system. There’s abundant evidence that shows they are what they claim to be.

(Adaptado de: BEYERSTEIN, L. Vaccines and the Anti-Vaccination Movement: An Interview with Dr. Paul Offit, Skeptical Inquirer (online) Volume 39.3, Maio/Jun.2015. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 5 jun. 2018.)

Can you stop your parents sharing photos of you online?

By Helier Cheung BBC News
28 March 2019

It's a great way of staying in touch - and it's always amusing watching your parents attempt to take selfies or use
emojis. But if they share photos of you online without your permission - and have no understanding of privacy
settings - have they crossed the line? And - if you want to - how do you convince them to take the photos down?

"Sharenting" - the act of parents sharing news and pictures of their kids online - is in the news after Gwyneth
[5] Paltrow posted a picture of her and her 14-year-old daughter Apple Martin skiing. More than 150,000 people liked
the picture, but Apple wasn't so impressed, writing (from her private Instagram account): "Mom we have discussed
this. You may not post anything without my consent." Paltrow replied: "You can't even see your face!" Many of
Paltrow's fans have argued that, as the mother, she had every right to share pictures of her daughter - but others
say children deserve a right to privacy too.

[10] Ironically, children aren't technically allowed to register with most social media services until they are 13 anyway -
which means some rule-abiding teenagers get a shock when they finally get online.

Konrad Iturbe, a 19-year-old software developer in Spain, told the BBC he had a "big awakening" when he realised
his parents had been posting photos of him online. "I really don't like photos of me online anyway - I don't even
post photos of myself on my Instagram account - so when I followed my mother and saw them on her profile, I
[15] told her to 'take this down, I've not given you permission'."

Konrad says his mother understood his concerns and acted quickly to deal with the issue - as he says all parents
should. He says discovering the pictures it felt like a "breach of privacy". It particularly bothered him because there
were photos of him as a young child, and his mother's Instagram account was open to the public. "I didn't want
photos of my youth shared, it's a very intimate thing," he says, adding that he is also worried about "facial

[20] recognition algorithms" and people being able to "start tracing me when I'm older".

Sonia Bokhari, a 14-year-old in the US, had a similar experience when she first joined Twitter and Facebook.
Writing in Fast Company magazine, she says: "When I saw the pictures that she [her mother] had been posting on
Facebook for years, I felt utterly embarrassed, and deeply betrayed.

Not everyone minds "sharenting", however. Charlotte Christy, a 23-year-old studying in London, says she
[25] personally thinks it's "quite normal". She was 13 when her mum started uploading photos of her on Facebook. "She
would tag me and it would be on my news feed so everyone could see it. I thought it was embarrassing, but I
wasn't upset to the point of asking her to remove it."

"I feel like we live in a society where everyone wants their photos to be really flattering - but if my mum posts an
unflattering photo of me it doesn't really bother me. I think I share photos of my mum just as much as she shares
[30] photos of me - I think it's a natural thing to share and I don't see why she should ask for my permission - she's my
mum."

For Sarah (not her real name), a 29-year-old health professional in Hong Kong, the most worrying thing was the
privacy implications. "When I was 21, my mum tagged me on Facebook, and I saw that she'd posted a bunch of
photos of me - from when I was a baby to me in my 20s," she told the BBC.

[35] "Her settings were public, so I just found it very unsafe. I didn't want my baby photos leaked to everyone, and I
knew that with Google, you can search for someone's name using their photos. And by her contributing more
photos of me online, technology companies have more data on how I look."

Andra Siibak, a professor in media studies at the University of Tartu in Estonia, has conducted several studies into
"sharenting". In one study involving Estonian children aged nine to 13, she found that children liked "parents
[40] sharing positive things about them", but that "there were big discrepancies between what children and parents
considered to be nice photos".

"Children were not in favour of parents sharing unflattering visuals of them - for example, if their hair was messed
up or they were wearing a dress they didn't actually like. In many contexts the parents would not consider those
things to be a big problem, but for the pre-teens this could affect their self-image" or potentially lead to cyber

[45] bullying.

Another potential risk from "sharenting" is "digital kidnapping", Prof Siibak says, where strangers take publicly
available photos of children, and use them for fraudulent or sexual purposes. Prof Siibak says many parents feel
that, as the adult, they are responsible for their child's wellbeing, and don't need their child's permission as long as
they believe the photos are not doing any harm. However, she argues that parents should "absolutely" take their
[50] children's privacy concerns more seriously.

Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-47722427

Can you stop your parents sharing photos of you online?

By Helier Cheung BBC News
28 March 2019

It's a great way of staying in touch - and it's always amusing watching your parents attempt to take selfies or use
emojis. But if they share photos of you online without your permission - and have no understanding of privacy
settings - have they crossed the line? And - if you want to - how do you convince them to take the photos down?

"Sharenting" - the act of parents sharing news and pictures of their kids online - is in the news after Gwyneth
[5] Paltrow posted a picture of her and her 14-year-old daughter Apple Martin skiing. More than 150,000 people liked
the picture, but Apple wasn't so impressed, writing (from her private Instagram account): "Mom we have discussed
this. You may not post anything without my consent." Paltrow replied: "You can't even see your face!" Many of
Paltrow's fans have argued that, as the mother, she had every right to share pictures of her daughter - but others
say children deserve a right to privacy too.

[10] Ironically, children aren't technically allowed to register with most social media services until they are 13 anyway -
which means some rule-abiding teenagers get a shock when they finally get online.

Konrad Iturbe, a 19-year-old software developer in Spain, told the BBC he had a "big awakening" when he realised
his parents had been posting photos of him online. "I really don't like photos of me online anyway - I don't even
post photos of myself on my Instagram account - so when I followed my mother and saw them on her profile, I
[15] told her to 'take this down, I've not given you permission'."

Konrad says his mother understood his concerns and acted quickly to deal with the issue - as he says all parents
should. He says discovering the pictures it felt like a "breach of privacy". It particularly bothered him because there
were photos of him as a young child, and his mother's Instagram account was open to the public. "I didn't want
photos of my youth shared, it's a very intimate thing," he says, adding that he is also worried about "facial

[20] recognition algorithms" and people being able to "start tracing me when I'm older".

Sonia Bokhari, a 14-year-old in the US, had a similar experience when she first joined Twitter and Facebook.
Writing in Fast Company magazine, she says: "When I saw the pictures that she [her mother] had been posting on
Facebook for years, I felt utterly embarrassed, and deeply betrayed.

Not everyone minds "sharenting", however. Charlotte Christy, a 23-year-old studying in London, says she
[25] personally thinks it's "quite normal". She was 13 when her mum started uploading photos of her on Facebook. "She
would tag me and it would be on my news feed so everyone could see it. I thought it was embarrassing, but I
wasn't upset to the point of asking her to remove it."

"I feel like we live in a society where everyone wants their photos to be really flattering - but if my mum posts an
unflattering photo of me it doesn't really bother me. I think I share photos of my mum just as much as she shares
[30] photos of me - I think it's a natural thing to share and I don't see why she should ask for my permission - she's my
mum."

For Sarah (not her real name), a 29-year-old health professional in Hong Kong, the most worrying thing was the
privacy implications. "When I was 21, my mum tagged me on Facebook, and I saw that she'd posted a bunch of
photos of me - from when I was a baby to me in my 20s," she told the BBC.

[35] "Her settings were public, so I just found it very unsafe. I didn't want my baby photos leaked to everyone, and I
knew that with Google, you can search for someone's name using their photos. And by her contributing more
photos of me online, technology companies have more data on how I look."

Andra Siibak, a professor in media studies at the University of Tartu in Estonia, has conducted several studies into
"sharenting". In one study involving Estonian children aged nine to 13, she found that children liked "parents
[40] sharing positive things about them", but that "there were big discrepancies between what children and parents
considered to be nice photos".

"Children were not in favour of parents sharing unflattering visuals of them - for example, if their hair was messed
up or they were wearing a dress they didn't actually like. In many contexts the parents would not consider those
things to be a big problem, but for the pre-teens this could affect their self-image" or potentially lead to cyber

[45] bullying.

Another potential risk from "sharenting" is "digital kidnapping", Prof Siibak says, where strangers take publicly
available photos of children, and use them for fraudulent or sexual purposes. Prof Siibak says many parents feel
that, as the adult, they are responsible for their child's wellbeing, and don't need their child's permission as long as
they believe the photos are not doing any harm. However, she argues that parents should "absolutely" take their
[50] children's privacy concerns more seriously.

Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-47722427