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We too often think we are better at something than we are

 

    Are you familiar with the Dunning Kruger effect? It holds that the more incompetent people are, the less they are aware of their incompetence. The effect is named after David Dunning of the University of Michigan and Justin Kruger of New York University.

    Dunning and Kruger gave their test subjects a series of cognitive tasks and asked them to estimate how well they did. At best, 25 percent of the participants viewed their performance more or less realistically; only some people underestimated themselves. The quarter of subjects who scored worst on the tests really missed the mark, wildly exaggerating their cognitive abilities. Is it possible that boasting and failing are two sides of the same coin? As the researchers emphasize, their work highlights a general feature of self-perception: each of us tends to overlook our cognitive deficiencies.

    So why is the chasm between would-be and actual performance so gaping? Don’t we all have an interest in assessing ourselves realistically? It surely would spare us a great deal of wasted effort and perhaps a few embarrassments. The answer, it seems, is that a moderate inflation of self-esteem has certain benefits. According to a review by psychologists Shelley Taylor and Jonathon Brown, rose-colored glasses1 tend to increase our sense of well-being and our performance. On the other hand, people afflicted by depression are inclined to be brutally realistic in their selfassessments. An embellished self-image seems to help us weather the ups and downs of daily life.

(Steve Ayan. www.scientificamerican.com, 15.05.2018. Adaptado.)

 

¹rose-colored glasses: expressão usada como referência a uma visão positiva ou idealista.

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We too often think we are better at something than we are

 

    Are you familiar with the Dunning Kruger effect? It holds that the more incompetent people are, the less they are aware of their incompetence. The effect is named after David Dunning of the University of Michigan and Justin Kruger of New York University.

    Dunning and Kruger gave their test subjects a series of cognitive tasks and asked them to estimate how well they did. At best, 25 percent of the participants viewed their performance more or less realistically; only some people underestimated themselves. The quarter of subjects who scored worst on the tests really missed the mark, wildly exaggerating their cognitive abilities. Is it possible that boasting and failing are two sides of the same coin? As the researchers emphasize, their work highlights a general feature of self-perception: each of us tends to overlook our cognitive deficiencies.

    So why is the chasm between would-be and actual performance so gaping? Don’t we all have an interest in assessing ourselves realistically? It surely would spare us a great deal of wasted effort and perhaps a few embarrassments. The answer, it seems, is that a moderate inflation of self-esteem has certain benefits. According to a review by psychologists Shelley Taylor and Jonathon Brown, rose-colored glasses1 tend to increase our sense of well-being and our performance. On the other hand, people afflicted by depression are inclined to be brutally realistic in their selfassessments. An embellished self-image seems to help us weather the ups and downs of daily life.

(Steve Ayan. www.scientificamerican.com, 15.05.2018. Adaptado.)

 

¹rose-colored glasses: expressão usada como referência a uma visão positiva ou idealista.

Consider the fragment from second paragraph “each of us tends to overlook our cognitive deficiencies”.

 

The best definition to the underlined word is

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We too often think we are better at something than we are

 

    Are you familiar with the Dunning Kruger effect? It holds that the more incompetent people are, the less they are aware of their incompetence. The effect is named after David Dunning of the University of Michigan and Justin Kruger of New York University.

    Dunning and Kruger gave their test subjects a series of cognitive tasks and asked them to estimate how well they did. At best, 25 percent of the participants viewed their performance more or less realistically; only some people underestimated themselves. The quarter of subjects who scored worst on the tests really missed the mark, wildly exaggerating their cognitive abilities. Is it possible that boasting and failing are two sides of the same coin? As the researchers emphasize, their work highlights a general feature of self-perception: each of us tends to overlook our cognitive deficiencies.

    So why is the chasm between would-be and actual performance so gaping? Don’t we all have an interest in assessing ourselves realistically? It surely would spare us a great deal of wasted effort and perhaps a few embarrassments. The answer, it seems, is that a moderate inflation of self-esteem has certain benefits. According to a review by psychologists Shelley Taylor and Jonathon Brown, rose-colored glasses1 tend to increase our sense of well-being and our performance. On the other hand, people afflicted by depression are inclined to be brutally realistic in their selfassessments. An embellished self-image seems to help us weather the ups and downs of daily life.

(Steve Ayan. www.scientificamerican.com, 15.05.2018. Adaptado.)

 

¹rose-colored glasses: expressão usada como referência a uma visão positiva ou idealista.

Assinale a alternativa cuja citação melhor representa os resultados obtidos pela pesquisa de Dunning e Kruger.

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Folic acid

 

What are folic acid and folate?

 

    Folic acid is the man-made form of folate. Folate is found naturally in certain fruits, vegetables and nuts. Folic acid is found in vitamins and fortified foods. Both are different forms of vitamin B9.

    Folic acid and folate help the body make healthy new red blood cells. 5 Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the parts of your body. If your body does not make enough red blood cells, you can develop anemia. Anemia happens when your blood cannot carry enough oxygen to your body, which makes you pale, tired, or weak. Also, if you do not get enough folic acid, you could develop a type of anemia called folate-deficiency anemia.

Why do women need folic acid?

 

² Everyone needs folic acid to be healthy. But it is especially important for women:

 

    Before and during pregnancy. Folic acid protects unborn children against serious birth defects called neural tube defects. These birth defects happen in the first few weeks of pregnancy, often before a woman knows she is pregnant. ³ Folic acid might also help prevent other types of birth defects and early pregnancy loss (miscarriage). Since about half of all pregnancies in the United States are unplanned, experts recommend all women get enough folic acid even if you are not trying to get pregnant.

    To keep the blood healthy by helping red blood cells form and grow. Not getting enough folic acid can lead to a type of anemia called folate-deficiency anemia. Folate-deficiency anemia is more common in women of childbearing age than in men.

 

How do I get folic acid?

 

     You can get folic acid in two ways.

     Through the foods you eat. Folate is found naturally in some foods, including spinach, nuts, and beans. Folic acid is found in fortified foods (called "enriched foods"), such as breads, pastas, and cereals. Look for the term "enriched" on the ingredients list to find out whether the food has added folic acid.

     

     As a vitamin. Most multivitamins sold in the United States contain 400 micrograms, or 100% of the daily value, of folic acid. Check the label to make sure.

 

     What can happen if I do not get enough folic acid during pregnancy?

 

      ¹If you do not get enough folic acid before and during pregnancy, your baby is at higher risk for neural tube defects.

     Neural tube defects are serious birth defects that affect the spine, spinal cord, or brain and may cause death. These include:

 

     Spina bifida. This condition happens when an unborn baby's spinal column does not fully close during development in the womb, leaving the spinal cord exposed. As a result, the nerves that control the legs and other organs do not work. Children with spina bifida often have lifelong disabilities. ⁴ They may also need many surgeries.

 

     Anencephaly. This means that most or all of the brain and skull does not develop in the womb. Almost all babies with this condition die before or soon after birth.[…]

Retrieved from: . Access: 27/05/2019 (adapted).

Consider the statements extracted from the text and choose the alternative in which there is a correct proposition.

    Se na Antiguidade existiu a crença de que as doenças eram enviadas aos homens pelos deuses como castigo por suas faltas, foi também durante esse largo período histórico que surgiram as primeiras formulações de que as doenças eram provocadas por fatores naturais, a exemplo de Hipócrates (século IV a.C.). [...]

    Durante a Idade Média vigorou a ideia de que as práticas mágicas e religiosas eram fatores determinantes para a manifestação das doenças; no entanto, os médicos do medievo também difundiram o conceito de contaminação e a necessidade da quarentena como forma de contenção da propagação de epidemias. Nas faculdades medievais de medicina conviviam os ensinamentos de Hipócrates, os de Galeno e de alguns médicos do mundo árabe.

(Eliane C. D. Fleck e Leny C. Anzai. “Apresentação do dossiê ‘História da saúde e das doenças: protagonistas e instituições’”. Territórios & Fronteiras, jul./dez. de 2013.)

 

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