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UK patient 'free' of HIV after stem cell treatment

5 March 2019

By BBC Online Health Editor, Michelle Roberts

A UK patient's HIV has become "undetectable" following a stem cell transplant - in only the second case of its kind,
doctors report in Nature.

The London patient, under a cancer treatment, has now been in remission from HIV for 18 months and is no longer taking HIV
drugs. The researchers say it is too early to say the patient is "cured" of HIV. Experts say the approach is not practical for
[05]  treating most people with HIV but may one day help find a cure.
The male London patient, who has not been named, was diagnosed with HIV in 2003 and advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma in
2012. He had chemotherapy to treat the Hodgkin's cancer and, in addition, stem cells were implanted into the patient from a
donor resistant to HIV, leading to both his cancer and HIV going into remission. Researchers from University College London,
Imperial College London, Cambridge and Oxford Universities were all involved in the case.

[10] 'Not an anomaly'

This is the second time a patient treated this way has ended up in remission from HIV. Ten years ago, another patient in Berlin
received a bone-marrow transplant from a donor with natural immunity to the virus. Timothy Brown, said to be the first person
to "beat" HIV/Aids, was given two transplants and total body irradiation (radiotherapy) for leukaemia - a much more aggressive
treatment. "By achieving remission in a second patient using a similar approach, we have shown that the Berlin patient was not
[15] an anomaly and that it really was the treatment approaches that eliminated HIV in these two people," said lead study author
Prof Ravindra Gupta, from UCL.

Hope of a cure?

____________the finding is exciting, it is not offering up a new treatment for the millions of people around the world living with
HIV. The aggressive therapy was primarily used to treat the patient's cancer, not his HIV.
[20] Current HIV therapies are really effective, meaning people with the virus can live long and healthy lives. But the reason this
case is so significant is that it could help experts who are looking for new ways to tackle HIV and achieve a cure. Understanding
how the body can naturally resist the infection does offer up hope of this, even if it is still a long way off.
Prof Eduardo Olavarria, also involved in the research, from Imperial College London, said the success of stem cell
transplantation offered hope that new strategies could be developed to tackle the virus. But he added: "The treatment is not
[25] appropriate as a standard HIV treatment because of the toxicity of chemotherapy, which in this case was required to treat the
lymphoma."

How does it work?

CCR5 is the most commonly used receptor by HIV-1 - the virus strain of HIV that dominates around the world - to enter cells.
But a very small number of people who are resistant to HIV have two mutated copies of the CCR5 receptor. This means the
[30] virus cannot penetrate cells in the body that it normally infects.

The London patient received stem cells from a donor with this mutation, which made him resistant to HIV as well. But a reservoir
of cells carrying HIV can still remain in the body, in a resting state, for many years. The UK researchers say it may be possible
to use gene therapy to target the CCR5 receptor in people with HIV, now they know the Berlin patient's recovery was not a
one-off.

[35] Prof Graham Cooke, National Institute for Health Research research professor and reader in infectious diseases from Imperial
College London, said the results were "encouraging". "If we can understand better why the procedure works in some patients
and not others, we will be closer to our ultimate goal of curing HIV. "At the moment the procedure still carries too much risk to
be used in patients who are otherwise well."

'Potentially significant'

[40] Dr Andrew Freedman, reader in infectious diseases and honorary consultant physician at Cardiff University, said it was an
"interesting and potentially significant report". But he said much longer follow-up would be needed to ensure the virus did not
re-emerge at a later stage. "___________ this type of treatment is clearly not practical to treat the millions of people around the
world living with HIV, reports such as these may help in the ultimate development of a cure for HIV."
In the meantime, he said the focus needed to be on diagnosing HIV promptly and starting patients on lifelong combination
[45] antiretroviral therapy (cART). This can prevent the virus being transmitted to others and give people with HIV a near-normal life
expectancy.

(Retrieved and adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-47421855. Access on April 2nd, 2019)

Text 

UK patient 'free' of HIV after stem cell treatment

5 March 2019

By BBC Online Health Editor, Michelle Roberts

A UK patient's HIV has become "undetectable" following a stem cell transplant - in only the second case of its kind,
doctors report in Nature.

The London patient, under a cancer treatment, has now been in remission from HIV for 18 months and is no longer taking HIV
drugs. The researchers say it is too early to say the patient is "cured" of HIV. Experts say the approach is not practical for
[05]  treating most people with HIV but may one day help find a cure.
The male London patient, who has not been named, was diagnosed with HIV in 2003 and advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma in
2012. He had chemotherapy to treat the Hodgkin's cancer and, in addition, stem cells were implanted into the patient from a
donor resistant to HIV, leading to both his cancer and HIV going into remission. Researchers from University College London,
Imperial College London, Cambridge and Oxford Universities were all involved in the case.

[10] 'Not an anomaly'

This is the second time a patient treated this way has ended up in remission from HIV. Ten years ago, another patient in Berlin
received a bone-marrow transplant from a donor with natural immunity to the virus. Timothy Brown, said to be the first person
to "beat" HIV/Aids, was given two transplants and total body irradiation (radiotherapy) for leukaemia - a much more aggressive
treatment. "By achieving remission in a second patient using a similar approach, we have shown that the Berlin patient was not
[15] an anomaly and that it really was the treatment approaches that eliminated HIV in these two people," said lead study author
Prof Ravindra Gupta, from UCL.

Hope of a cure?

____________the finding is exciting, it is not offering up a new treatment for the millions of people around the world living with
HIV. The aggressive therapy was primarily used to treat the patient's cancer, not his HIV.
[20] Current HIV therapies are really effective, meaning people with the virus can live long and healthy lives. But the reason this
case is so significant is that it could help experts who are looking for new ways to tackle HIV and achieve a cure. Understanding
how the body can naturally resist the infection does offer up hope of this, even if it is still a long way off.
Prof Eduardo Olavarria, also involved in the research, from Imperial College London, said the success of stem cell
transplantation offered hope that new strategies could be developed to tackle the virus. But he added: "The treatment is not
[25] appropriate as a standard HIV treatment because of the toxicity of chemotherapy, which in this case was required to treat the
lymphoma."

How does it work?

CCR5 is the most commonly used receptor by HIV-1 - the virus strain of HIV that dominates around the world - to enter cells.
But a very small number of people who are resistant to HIV have two mutated copies of the CCR5 receptor. This means the
[30] virus cannot penetrate cells in the body that it normally infects.

The London patient received stem cells from a donor with this mutation, which made him resistant to HIV as well. But a reservoir
of cells carrying HIV can still remain in the body, in a resting state, for many years. The UK researchers say it may be possible
to use gene therapy to target the CCR5 receptor in people with HIV, now they know the Berlin patient's recovery was not a
one-off.

[35] Prof Graham Cooke, National Institute for Health Research research professor and reader in infectious diseases from Imperial
College London, said the results were "encouraging". "If we can understand better why the procedure works in some patients
and not others, we will be closer to our ultimate goal of curing HIV. "At the moment the procedure still carries too much risk to
be used in patients who are otherwise well."

'Potentially significant'

[40] Dr Andrew Freedman, reader in infectious diseases and honorary consultant physician at Cardiff University, said it was an
"interesting and potentially significant report". But he said much longer follow-up would be needed to ensure the virus did not
re-emerge at a later stage. "___________ this type of treatment is clearly not practical to treat the millions of people around the
world living with HIV, reports such as these may help in the ultimate development of a cure for HIV."
In the meantime, he said the focus needed to be on diagnosing HIV promptly and starting patients on lifelong combination
[45] antiretroviral therapy (cART). This can prevent the virus being transmitted to others and give people with HIV a near-normal life
expectancy.

(Retrieved and adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-47421855. Access on April 2nd, 2019)

Text 

UK patient 'free' of HIV after stem cell treatment

5 March 2019

By BBC Online Health Editor, Michelle Roberts

A UK patient's HIV has become "undetectable" following a stem cell transplant - in only the second case of its kind,
doctors report in Nature.

The London patient, under a cancer treatment, has now been in remission from HIV for 18 months and is no longer taking HIV
drugs. The researchers say it is too early to say the patient is "cured" of HIV. Experts say the approach is not practical for
[05]  treating most people with HIV but may one day help find a cure.
The male London patient, who has not been named, was diagnosed with HIV in 2003 and advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma in
2012. He had chemotherapy to treat the Hodgkin's cancer and, in addition, stem cells were implanted into the patient from a
donor resistant to HIV, leading to both his cancer and HIV going into remission. Researchers from University College London,
Imperial College London, Cambridge and Oxford Universities were all involved in the case.

[10] 'Not an anomaly'

This is the second time a patient treated this way has ended up in remission from HIV. Ten years ago, another patient in Berlin
received a bone-marrow transplant from a donor with natural immunity to the virus. Timothy Brown, said to be the first person
to "beat" HIV/Aids, was given two transplants and total body irradiation (radiotherapy) for leukaemia - a much more aggressive
treatment. "By achieving remission in a second patient using a similar approach, we have shown that the Berlin patient was not
[15] an anomaly and that it really was the treatment approaches that eliminated HIV in these two people," said lead study author
Prof Ravindra Gupta, from UCL.

Hope of a cure?

____________the finding is exciting, it is not offering up a new treatment for the millions of people around the world living with
HIV. The aggressive therapy was primarily used to treat the patient's cancer, not his HIV.
[20] Current HIV therapies are really effective, meaning people with the virus can live long and healthy lives. But the reason this
case is so significant is that it could help experts who are looking for new ways to tackle HIV and achieve a cure. Understanding
how the body can naturally resist the infection does offer up hope of this, even if it is still a long way off.
Prof Eduardo Olavarria, also involved in the research, from Imperial College London, said the success of stem cell
transplantation offered hope that new strategies could be developed to tackle the virus. But he added: "The treatment is not
[25] appropriate as a standard HIV treatment because of the toxicity of chemotherapy, which in this case was required to treat the
lymphoma."

How does it work?

CCR5 is the most commonly used receptor by HIV-1 - the virus strain of HIV that dominates around the world - to enter cells.
But a very small number of people who are resistant to HIV have two mutated copies of the CCR5 receptor. This means the
[30] virus cannot penetrate cells in the body that it normally infects.

The London patient received stem cells from a donor with this mutation, which made him resistant to HIV as well. But a reservoir
of cells carrying HIV can still remain in the body, in a resting state, for many years. The UK researchers say it may be possible
to use gene therapy to target the CCR5 receptor in people with HIV, now they know the Berlin patient's recovery was not a
one-off.

[35] Prof Graham Cooke, National Institute for Health Research research professor and reader in infectious diseases from Imperial
College London, said the results were "encouraging". "If we can understand better why the procedure works in some patients
and not others, we will be closer to our ultimate goal of curing HIV. "At the moment the procedure still carries too much risk to
be used in patients who are otherwise well."

'Potentially significant'

[40] Dr Andrew Freedman, reader in infectious diseases and honorary consultant physician at Cardiff University, said it was an
"interesting and potentially significant report". But he said much longer follow-up would be needed to ensure the virus did not
re-emerge at a later stage. "___________ this type of treatment is clearly not practical to treat the millions of people around the
world living with HIV, reports such as these may help in the ultimate development of a cure for HIV."
In the meantime, he said the focus needed to be on diagnosing HIV promptly and starting patients on lifelong combination
[45] antiretroviral therapy (cART). This can prevent the virus being transmitted to others and give people with HIV a near-normal life
expectancy.

(Retrieved and adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-47421855. Access on April 2nd, 2019)

Text 

UK patient 'free' of HIV after stem cell treatment

5 March 2019

By BBC Online Health Editor, Michelle Roberts

A UK patient's HIV has become "undetectable" following a stem cell transplant - in only the second case of its kind,
doctors report in Nature.

The London patient, under a cancer treatment, has now been in remission from HIV for 18 months and is no longer taking HIV
drugs. The researchers say it is too early to say the patient is "cured" of HIV. Experts say the approach is not practical for
[05]  treating most people with HIV but may one day help find a cure.
The male London patient, who has not been named, was diagnosed with HIV in 2003 and advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma in
2012. He had chemotherapy to treat the Hodgkin's cancer and, in addition, stem cells were implanted into the patient from a
donor resistant to HIV, leading to both his cancer and HIV going into remission. Researchers from University College London,
Imperial College London, Cambridge and Oxford Universities were all involved in the case.

[10] 'Not an anomaly'

This is the second time a patient treated this way has ended up in remission from HIV. Ten years ago, another patient in Berlin
received a bone-marrow transplant from a donor with natural immunity to the virus. Timothy Brown, said to be the first person
to "beat" HIV/Aids, was given two transplants and total body irradiation (radiotherapy) for leukaemia - a much more aggressive
treatment. "By achieving remission in a second patient using a similar approach, we have shown that the Berlin patient was not
[15] an anomaly and that it really was the treatment approaches that eliminated HIV in these two people," said lead study author
Prof Ravindra Gupta, from UCL.

Hope of a cure?

____________the finding is exciting, it is not offering up a new treatment for the millions of people around the world living with
HIV. The aggressive therapy was primarily used to treat the patient's cancer, not his HIV.
[20] Current HIV therapies are really effective, meaning people with the virus can live long and healthy lives. But the reason this
case is so significant is that it could help experts who are looking for new ways to tackle HIV and achieve a cure. Understanding
how the body can naturally resist the infection does offer up hope of this, even if it is still a long way off.
Prof Eduardo Olavarria, also involved in the research, from Imperial College London, said the success of stem cell
transplantation offered hope that new strategies could be developed to tackle the virus. But he added: "The treatment is not
[25] appropriate as a standard HIV treatment because of the toxicity of chemotherapy, which in this case was required to treat the
lymphoma."

How does it work?

CCR5 is the most commonly used receptor by HIV-1 - the virus strain of HIV that dominates around the world - to enter cells.
But a very small number of people who are resistant to HIV have two mutated copies of the CCR5 receptor. This means the
[30] virus cannot penetrate cells in the body that it normally infects.

The London patient received stem cells from a donor with this mutation, which made him resistant to HIV as well. But a reservoir
of cells carrying HIV can still remain in the body, in a resting state, for many years. The UK researchers say it may be possible
to use gene therapy to target the CCR5 receptor in people with HIV, now they know the Berlin patient's recovery was not a
one-off.

[35] Prof Graham Cooke, National Institute for Health Research research professor and reader in infectious diseases from Imperial
College London, said the results were "encouraging". "If we can understand better why the procedure works in some patients
and not others, we will be closer to our ultimate goal of curing HIV. "At the moment the procedure still carries too much risk to
be used in patients who are otherwise well."

'Potentially significant'

[40] Dr Andrew Freedman, reader in infectious diseases and honorary consultant physician at Cardiff University, said it was an
"interesting and potentially significant report". But he said much longer follow-up would be needed to ensure the virus did not
re-emerge at a later stage. "___________ this type of treatment is clearly not practical to treat the millions of people around the
world living with HIV, reports such as these may help in the ultimate development of a cure for HIV."
In the meantime, he said the focus needed to be on diagnosing HIV promptly and starting patients on lifelong combination
[45] antiretroviral therapy (cART). This can prevent the virus being transmitted to others and give people with HIV a near-normal life
expectancy.

(Retrieved and adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-47421855. Access on April 2nd, 2019)

Text 

UK patient 'free' of HIV after stem cell treatment

5 March 2019

By BBC Online Health Editor, Michelle Roberts

A UK patient's HIV has become "undetectable" following a stem cell transplant - in only the second case of its kind,
doctors report in Nature.

The London patient, under a cancer treatment, has now been in remission from HIV for 18 months and is no longer taking HIV
drugs. The researchers say it is too early to say the patient is "cured" of HIV. Experts say the approach is not practical for
[05]  treating most people with HIV but may one day help find a cure.
The male London patient, who has not been named, was diagnosed with HIV in 2003 and advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma in
2012. He had chemotherapy to treat the Hodgkin's cancer and, in addition, stem cells were implanted into the patient from a
donor resistant to HIV, leading to both his cancer and HIV going into remission. Researchers from University College London,
Imperial College London, Cambridge and Oxford Universities were all involved in the case.

[10] 'Not an anomaly'

This is the second time a patient treated this way has ended up in remission from HIV. Ten years ago, another patient in Berlin
received a bone-marrow transplant from a donor with natural immunity to the virus. Timothy Brown, said to be the first person
to "beat" HIV/Aids, was given two transplants and total body irradiation (radiotherapy) for leukaemia - a much more aggressive
treatment. "By achieving remission in a second patient using a similar approach, we have shown that the Berlin patient was not
[15] an anomaly and that it really was the treatment approaches that eliminated HIV in these two people," said lead study author
Prof Ravindra Gupta, from UCL.

Hope of a cure?

____________the finding is exciting, it is not offering up a new treatment for the millions of people around the world living with
HIV. The aggressive therapy was primarily used to treat the patient's cancer, not his HIV.
[20] Current HIV therapies are really effective, meaning people with the virus can live long and healthy lives. But the reason this
case is so significant is that it could help experts who are looking for new ways to tackle HIV and achieve a cure. Understanding
how the body can naturally resist the infection does offer up hope of this, even if it is still a long way off.
Prof Eduardo Olavarria, also involved in the research, from Imperial College London, said the success of stem cell
transplantation offered hope that new strategies could be developed to tackle the virus. But he added: "The treatment is not
[25] appropriate as a standard HIV treatment because of the toxicity of chemotherapy, which in this case was required to treat the
lymphoma."

How does it work?

CCR5 is the most commonly used receptor by HIV-1 - the virus strain of HIV that dominates around the world - to enter cells.
But a very small number of people who are resistant to HIV have two mutated copies of the CCR5 receptor. This means the
[30] virus cannot penetrate cells in the body that it normally infects.

The London patient received stem cells from a donor with this mutation, which made him resistant to HIV as well. But a reservoir
of cells carrying HIV can still remain in the body, in a resting state, for many years. The UK researchers say it may be possible
to use gene therapy to target the CCR5 receptor in people with HIV, now they know the Berlin patient's recovery was not a
one-off.

[35] Prof Graham Cooke, National Institute for Health Research research professor and reader in infectious diseases from Imperial
College London, said the results were "encouraging". "If we can understand better why the procedure works in some patients
and not others, we will be closer to our ultimate goal of curing HIV. "At the moment the procedure still carries too much risk to
be used in patients who are otherwise well."

'Potentially significant'

[40] Dr Andrew Freedman, reader in infectious diseases and honorary consultant physician at Cardiff University, said it was an
"interesting and potentially significant report". But he said much longer follow-up would be needed to ensure the virus did not
re-emerge at a later stage. "___________ this type of treatment is clearly not practical to treat the millions of people around the
world living with HIV, reports such as these may help in the ultimate development of a cure for HIV."
In the meantime, he said the focus needed to be on diagnosing HIV promptly and starting patients on lifelong combination
[45] antiretroviral therapy (cART). This can prevent the virus being transmitted to others and give people with HIV a near-normal life
expectancy.

(Retrieved and adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-47421855. Access on April 2nd, 2019)

Why you should care that Greenpeace found microplastics and chemicals in remote Antarctic waters

Amanda Froelich August 1, 2018

After reviewing water and snow samples from Antarctica, obtained during a recent expedition, a Greenpeace group found the presence of
microplastics and persistent chemicals in the majority of samples tested. Considering there is little data for microplastics in Antarctic waters,
this latest analysis provides valuable information concerning the presence of such contamination in the region.
As Frida Bengtsson of Greenpeace said, most people imagine the Antarctic as a “remote and pristine wilderness.” But, due to mankind’s
[05] unsustainable habits and lack of regard for the environment, the remote habitat is now contaminated with microplastic waste and hazardous
chemicals. “We need action at source, to stop these pollutants ending up in the Antarctic in the first place, and we need an Antarctic Ocean
Sanctuary to give space for penguins, whales and the entire ecosystem to recover from the pressures they’re facing,” said Bengtsson.
Microplastics and toxic chemicals weren’t the only offenders observed _____ the environment. The team also found waste ______ the
fishing industry. “Buoys, nets and tarpaulins drifted in ______ icebergs, which was really sad to see,” Bengtsson continued. “We took them
[10] out of the water, but it really made clear to me how we need to put vast parts of this area off-limits to human activity if we’re going to protect
the Antarctic’s incredible wildlife.”
As a result of this finding, it is now a fact that plastic has been found in all corners of Earth’s oceans. To protect marine life and the health
of the oceans, pollution in all forms needs to be curbed.
The Truth About Plastic Pollution
[15] It’s easy to grab an iced latte from your favorite coffee shop in the morning, then discard it without a second thought. But what’s not easy
is comprehending how the simple action can adversely affect wildlife, the environment, and even present and future generations.
Believe it or not, approximately 80 percent of the plastic which is discarded on land makes its way to the oceans. Once the debris is floating
at sea, it gets swept into giant converges of floating rubbish. The greatest is twice the size of Texas and is known as the Great Pacific
Garbage Patch.
[20] Over time, the friction of the waves breaks down the plastic trash. Once the plastic wears down to about five millimeters (or about the size
of a sesame seed), it is considered to be a “microplastic”. This term encompasses the tiny particles of trash that are being ingested by
wildlife, leaching hazardous chemicals into the environment, and traveling into remote recesses of the planet. If there was ever a time to
take action, that time is now.

(Retrieved and adapted from http://www.onegreenplanet.org/environment/care-greenpeace-found-microplastics-chemicals-remote-antarctic-waters/. Access on August 20th, 2018)