Questões de Inglês

    Read the text Global bioeconomy summit 2018:

 

     High-ranking representatives from politics, science, civil society and the business sector will meet from 19 - 20 April at the Global Bioeconomy Summit to discuss the latest bioeconomy developments. In focus: opportunities and challenges for an increasingly biobased and sustainable economy. Around 800 experts from more than 70 countries are expected to participate in the second Global Bioeconomy Summit in Berlin.

     In six plenary sessions and 14 workshops, the conference offers a broad platform for discussing the current societal and political challenges from a bioeconomy point of view.

(Source: https://www.novamont.com/eng/read-event/global- -bioeconomy-summit-2018/. Access on: 24 jan. 2019.)

 

     The noun challenges is used twice in the text. Read the following sentences and mark the one in which this word has the same meaning and grammar function as in the text:

      People often use short forms to answer questions in English. Read the following questions:

 

I - Can you come tomorrow?

II - Is it going to rain today?

III - Have you finished your dinner?

IV - Are you sick?

 

    Mark the alternative that correctly answers the questions I, II, III and IV respecting this order:

Read the following text:

 

Excluded students being abandoned

and failed by education system, MP warn

 

     [...]

     Mainstream schools should be bastions of inclusion, and intentionally or not, this is not true of all mainstream schools,” the report said. “We have also seen an alarming increase in ‘hidden’ exclusions.”

     The committee also noted heightened concerns about “off-rolling” – also referred to as backdoor exclusions – and the impact of reforms on school performance measures.

     The [education] department cannot wash its hands of the issue, just as schools cannot wash their hands of their pupils,” the report said.

    It added that the government’s focus on school standards had led to practices that have resulted in disadvantaged children – such as those with special needs – being disproportionately excluded.]

(Available in: www.independent.co.uk/news/education/ education-news/school-exclusions-alternative-provision-parentseducation-select-committee-robert-halfon-a8461841.html. Access on: July 25th, 2018)

 

     Children with special education needs and disabilities should have the same opportunities given to the other pupils at school. According to the text, this is not happening. In some cases, “challenging” pupils are even excluded from school.

 

The paragraph in which there is a popular expression meaning “This is not my problem.” is (mark the correct alternative):

     In different languages, a letter may not represent the same sound. Read the following text in Portuguese:

 

     “Mas como o ladrão insistisse, dona Arginusa apareceu, tomou a joia, e após minucioso exame reconheceu que era mesmo seu aquele broche de ouro e brilhantes, fora sua mãe que o herdou da avó, que herdou de outra avó.”

(ÉLIS, Bernardo. A lavadeira chamava-se pedra. Melhores contos de Bernardo Élis. 4. ed. São Paulo: Global, 2015. p. 111.)

 

     Which of the following words has the same pronunciation of the H as in “herdou”? Mark the correct alternative:

Responda a questão de acordo com o texto abaixo

 

The drugs don’t work: what happens after antibiotics?

 

Antibiotic resistance is growing so fast that routine surgery could soon become impossible. But scientists are fighting back in the battle against infection

1- The first antibiotic that didn’t work for Debbi Forsythe was trimethoprim. In March 2016, Forsythe, a genial primary care counsellor from Morpeth, Northumberland, contracted a urinary tract infection. UTIs are common: more than 150 million people worldwide contract one every year. So when Forsythe saw her GP, they prescribed the usual treatment: a three-day course of antibiotics. When, a few weeks later, she fainted and started passing blood, she saw her GP again, who again prescribed trimethoprim.

2- Three days after that, Forsythe’s husband Pete came home to find his wife lying on the sofa, shaking, unable to call for help. He rushed her to A&E. She was put on a second antibiotic, gentamicin, and treated for sepsis, a complication of the infection that can be fatal if not treated quickly. The gentamicin didn’t work either. Doctors sent Forsythe’s blood for testing, but such tests can take days: bacteria must be grown in cultures, then tested against multiple antibiotics to find a suitable treatment. Five days after she was admitted to hospital, Forsythe was diagnosed with an infection of multi-drug-resistant E coli, and given ertapenem, one of the so-called “last resort” antibiotics.

3- It worked. But damage from Forsythe’s episode has lingered and she lives in constant fear of an infection reoccurring. Six months after her collapse, she developed another UTI, resulting, again, in a hospital stay. “I’ve had to accept that I will no longer get back to where I was,” she says. “My daughter and son said they felt like they lost their mum, because I wasn’t who I used to be.” But Forsythe was fortunate. Sepsis currently kills more people in the UK than lung cancer, and the number is growing, as more of us develop infections immune to antibiotics.

4- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the process of bacteria (and yeasts and viruses) evolving defense mechanisms against the drugs we use to treat them – is progressing so quickly that the UN has called it a “global health emergency”. At least 2 million Americans contract drug-resistant infections every year. So-called “superbugs” spread rapidly, in part because some bacteria are able to borrow resistance genes from neighbouring species via a process called horizontal gene transfer. In 2013, researchers in China discovered E coli containing mcr-1, a gene resistant to colistin, a last-line antibiotic that, until recently, was considered too toxic for human use. Colistin-resistant infections have now been detected in at least 30 countries.

5- “In India and Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and countries in South America, the resistance problem is already endemic,” says Colin Garner, CEO of Antibiotic Research UK. In May 2016, the UK government’s Review on Antimicrobial Resistance forecast that by 2050 antibiotic-resistant infections could kill 10 million people per year – more than all cancers combined.

6- “We have a good chance of getting to a point where for a lot of people there are no [effective] antibiotics,” Daniel Berman, leader of the Global Health team at Nesta, told me. The threat is difficult to imagine. A world without antibiotics means returning to a time without organ transplants, without hip replacements, without many now-routine surgeries. It would mean millions more women dying in childbirth; make many cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, impossible; and make even the smallest wound potentially lifethreatening. As Berman told me: “Those of us who are following this closely are actually quite scared.”

7- Bacteria are everywhere: in our bodies, in the air, in the soil, coating every surface in their sextillions. Many bacteria produce antibiotic compounds – exactly how many, we don’t know – probably as weapons in a microscopic battle for resources between different strains of bacteria that has been going on for billions of years. Because bacteria reproduce so quickly, they are able to evolve with astonishing speed. Introduce bacteria to a sufficiently weak concentration of an antibiotic and resistance can emerge within days. Penicillin resistance was first documented in 1940, a year before its first use in humans. (A common misconception is that people can become antibioticresistant. They don’t – the bacteria do.)

Oliver Franklin-Wallis Sun 24 Mar 2019 In: https://www.theguardian.com/global/2019/mar/24/ the-drugs-dont-work-what-happens-after-antibiotics

No segundo parágrafo, os termos help, unable, bacteria e quickly, no contexto, são respectivamente

Responda a questão de acordo com o texto abaixo

 

The drugs don’t work: what happens after antibiotics?

 

Antibiotic resistance is growing so fast that routine surgery could soon become impossible. But scientists are fighting back in the battle against infection

1- The first antibiotic that didn’t work for Debbi Forsythe was trimethoprim. In March 2016, Forsythe, a genial primary care counsellor from Morpeth, Northumberland, contracted a urinary tract infection. UTIs are common: more than 150 million people worldwide contract one every year. So when Forsythe saw her GP, they prescribed the usual treatment: a three-day course of antibiotics. When, a few weeks later, she fainted and started passing blood, she saw her GP again, who again prescribed trimethoprim.

2- Three days after that, Forsythe’s husband Pete came home to find his wife lying on the sofa, shaking, unable to call for help. He rushed her to A&E. She was put on a second antibiotic, gentamicin, and treated for sepsis, a complication of the infection that can be fatal if not treated quickly. The gentamicin didn’t work either. Doctors sent Forsythe’s blood for testing, but such tests can take days: bacteria must be grown in cultures, then tested against multiple antibiotics to find a suitable treatment. Five days after she was admitted to hospital, Forsythe was diagnosed with an infection of multi-drug-resistant E coli, and given ertapenem, one of the so-called “last resort” antibiotics.

3- It worked. But damage from Forsythe’s episode has lingered and she lives in constant fear of an infection reoccurring. Six months after her collapse, she developed another UTI, resulting, again, in a hospital stay. “I’ve had to accept that I will no longer get back to where I was,” she says. “My daughter and son said they felt like they lost their mum, because I wasn’t who I used to be.” But Forsythe was fortunate. Sepsis currently kills more people in the UK than lung cancer, and the number is growing, as more of us develop infections immune to antibiotics.

4- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the process of bacteria (and yeasts and viruses) evolving defense mechanisms against the drugs we use to treat them – is progressing so quickly that the UN has called it a “global health emergency”. At least 2 million Americans contract drug-resistant infections every year. So-called “superbugs” spread rapidly, in part because some bacteria are able to borrow resistance genes from neighbouring species via a process called horizontal gene transfer. In 2013, researchers in China discovered E coli containing mcr-1, a gene resistant to colistin, a last-line antibiotic that, until recently, was considered too toxic for human use. Colistin-resistant infections have now been detected in at least 30 countries.

5- “In India and Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and countries in South America, the resistance problem is already endemic,” says Colin Garner, CEO of Antibiotic Research UK. In May 2016, the UK government’s Review on Antimicrobial Resistance forecast that by 2050 antibiotic-resistant infections could kill 10 million people per year – more than all cancers combined.

6- “We have a good chance of getting to a point where for a lot of people there are no [effective] antibiotics,” Daniel Berman, leader of the Global Health team at Nesta, told me. The threat is difficult to imagine. A world without antibiotics means returning to a time without organ transplants, without hip replacements, without many now-routine surgeries. It would mean millions more women dying in childbirth; make many cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, impossible; and make even the smallest wound potentially lifethreatening. As Berman told me: “Those of us who are following this closely are actually quite scared.”

7- Bacteria are everywhere: in our bodies, in the air, in the soil, coating every surface in their sextillions. Many bacteria produce antibiotic compounds – exactly how many, we don’t know – probably as weapons in a microscopic battle for resources between different strains of bacteria that has been going on for billions of years. Because bacteria reproduce so quickly, they are able to evolve with astonishing speed. Introduce bacteria to a sufficiently weak concentration of an antibiotic and resistance can emerge within days. Penicillin resistance was first documented in 1940, a year before its first use in humans. (A common misconception is that people can become antibioticresistant. They don’t – the bacteria do.)

Oliver Franklin-Wallis Sun 24 Mar 2019 In: https://www.theguardian.com/global/2019/mar/24/ the-drugs-dont-work-what-happens-after-antibiotics

In the text, the initials/acronyms GP and A&E stand for, respectively