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Antibiotic resistance is possible because bacteria are able to exchange genetic material through a process known as bacterial conjugation. In one experiment, resistance to tetracycline (a commonly used antibiotic) was studied in Escherichia coli by introducing a tetracycline-resistant bacterium to a tetracycline-sensitive strain. The resistant bacterium’s genome contained a protein called an “efflux pump”, a polypeptide that localizes to the cell membrane and expels certain small molecules from the cell.

Using fluorescent marking, researchers observed the DNA encoding one specific efflux pump in between a resistant bacterium and a sensitive bacterium. With live-cell microscopy, they tracked the fluorescence to see how the DNA migrated from one cell to another and how it was incorporated and expressed in the recipient bacterium.

(Fonte: Sophie Nolivos e outros, Science, Washington, v. 364, n. 6442, p. 778-782, maio 2019.)

 

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Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which atomic nuclei merge to form the nucleus of a new atom. The mass of the new atom’s nucleus is lower than the sum of the merging nuclei’s masses, a difference that is released as energy. This is, for instance, the reaction that occurs in the Sun. The energy released during fusion can be calculated by the equation E = Δmc² , where Δm is the difference between the initial and final masses in the reaction, and c is the speed of light. When calculating the aforementioned energy, nucleus mass can be conveniently quantified using the atomic mass unit (u), which is roughly equivalent to 900 MeV (1 u → 900 MeV). Consider the hypothetical nuclear fusion reaction ²²²X + ⁴Y → ²²¹Z. Note that the masses of ²²²X, ⁴Y, and ²²¹Z are 222 u, 4 u, and 221 u, respectively.

 

The amount of energy released in this reaction is

A peça publicitária

John Milton and Freedom of Speech on Campus

By Daniel F. Sullivan

 

A few years ago, at a seminar meant to help college presidents think about the issues they face as campus leaders, I read John Milton's Areopagitica: A speech for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the parliament of England. Originally published in 1644, Areopagitica makes a powerful argument for freedom of speech and against censorship in publishing. After twenty years as a college president, having experienced and observed many calls to censor, I've come to believe that there is not much to know on the topic beyond what Milton wrote over 350 years ago. Areopagitica was published in response “to Parliament's ordinance for licensing the press of June 14, 1643.” The effect of the ordinance against which Milton wrote “was to give Archbishop Laud, who was also Chancellor of the University of Oxford, control over every press in England, with power to stop publication of any book contrary to the Doctrine of the Church of England.” This was disturbing to Milton, who wrote, “as good almost kill a man as kill a good book: [he] who kills a man kills a reasonable creature; but he who destroys a good book, kills reason itself.”

(Adaptado de https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-1048971311/milton-s-areopagitica-freed om-of-speech-on-campus. Acessado em 15/05/2019.)

 

A relação entre o posicionamento do autor do texto e o de John Milton na publicação mencionada é de

To me, science is one way of connecting with the mystery of existence. And if you think of it that way, the mystery of existence is something that we have wondered about ever since people began asking questions about who we are and where we come from. So while those questions are now part of scientific research, they are much, much older than science. I’m talking about science as part of a much grander and older sort of questioning about who we are in the big picture of the universe. To me, as a theoretical physicist and also someone who spends time out in the mountains, this sort of questioning offers a deeply spiritual connection with the world, through my mind and through my body. Einstein would have said the same thing, I think, with his cosmic religious feeling.

Marcelo Gleiser, March 20, 2019.

(Adaptado de https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atheism-is-inconsistent-with-the-scien tific-method-prizewinning-physicist-says/?redirect=1. Acessado em 15/05/2019.)

 

Qual das frases abaixo mais se aproxima das palavras de Gleiser reproduzidas acima?