Questões de Inglês

Read the text below and answer the following two questions based on it.

 

How can having Bad Teeth Affect Your Heart?

 

Poor oral hygiene can affect more than your smile. Studies have shown that heart disease is linked to poor oral care because of the body’s response to inflammation caused by bacteria from infection.

 

Oral hygiene issues like cavities, gingivitis, periodontal disease, and untreated tooth decay can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, including heart attack and stroke. Although more research needs to be done on the link between oral care and heart disease, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of heart disease as a result of poor oral hygiene.

 

An untreated cavity can lead to periodontal disease, which causes your gums to recede from your teeth. The gap between the gum line is where bacteria can hide and grow that can enter your bloodstream and travel to your heart’s arteries.

 

When the bacteria in your heart’s arteries harden, a condition called atherosclerosis can form where plaque grows on the inner walls of the arteries. This restricts blood flow throughout the body and leads to heart disease.

 

Infected gums are sensitive, red, and may bleed when brushing or flossing. Gum infection is often a result of poor oral hygiene and should be addressed right away to prevent a condition called endocarditis.

 

This rare but serious heart condition develops when bacteria from infected gums spreads to the inner linings of the heart, which directly affects the heart’s valves. Endocarditis increases your risk of a heart attack.

 

The best way to protect your heart is to maintain a good athome oral care routine.

Adaptado de: https://www.yankeevalleydental.ca/blog/how-canhaving-bad-teeth-affect-your-heart/ Acessado em 22 de novembro de 2020.

Taking bad care of your mouth hygiene

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.

 

Significant developments in a new urine test for prostate cancer

 

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men. Although there are effective treatments, such as radiotherapy and surgery for localized prostate cancer, men diagnosed with more progressive prostate cancer have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, a sensitive and specific screening test to detect prostate cancer in its early states is urgently needed.

 

Currently, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examinations have been used as the screening and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer. However, researchers believe that a simple, non-invasive technique using urine can be a more sensitive and specific way to detect the early stages of the disease. Urine contains more than two thousand different metabolites and can provide clues to the human body’s metabolism, including the disordered metabolism of cancer cells.

 

Researchers in the United States have taken the opportunity to develop a new urine test for prostate cancer based on the metabolite profile and RNA sequencing found in prostate cancer-specific urine. The researchers took an approach that only required one single pass of urine, without the need for prostatic massage prior, to prove their principle that a simple urine sample could be sufficient for the identification of prostate cancer biomarkers.

 

Metabolic profiles of patients without cancer were taken and compared with metabolic profiles of patients with prostate cancer to identify metabolic changes and prostate cancerspecific biomarkers. The findings are the first to report a distinct prostate cancer profile from altered metabolic pathways in patient urine samples that can be differentiated between patients with normal prostates and benign prostatic hyperplasia (benign enlargement of the prostate).

 

The researchers conclude that their findings are a significant discovery to developing a new urine test for prostate cancer that is simple, non-invasive and convenient. The study’s proof-of-concept should be further tested and validated in larger sample sizes before it can be clinically implemented.

Adaptado de: https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/significantdevelopments-made-in-developing-a-new-urine-test-for-prostatecancer/ Acessado em 15 de novembro de 2020.

The study’s proof-of-concept

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.

 

Significant developments in a new urine test for prostate cancer

 

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men. Although there are effective treatments, such as radiotherapy and surgery for localized prostate cancer, men diagnosed with more progressive prostate cancer have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, a sensitive and specific screening test to detect prostate cancer in its early states is urgently needed.

 

Currently, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examinations have been used as the screening and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer. However, researchers believe that a simple, non-invasive technique using urine can be a more sensitive and specific way to detect the early stages of the disease. Urine contains more than two thousand different metabolites and can provide clues to the human body’s metabolism, including the disordered metabolism of cancer cells.

 

Researchers in the United States have taken the opportunity to develop a new urine test for prostate cancer based on the metabolite profile and RNA sequencing found in prostate cancer-specific urine. The researchers took an approach that only required one single pass of urine, without the need for prostatic massage prior, to prove their principle that a simple urine sample could be sufficient for the identification of prostate cancer biomarkers.

 

Metabolic profiles of patients without cancer were taken and compared with metabolic profiles of patients with prostate cancer to identify metabolic changes and prostate cancerspecific biomarkers. The findings are the first to report a distinct prostate cancer profile from altered metabolic pathways in patient urine samples that can be differentiated between patients with normal prostates and benign prostatic hyperplasia (benign enlargement of the prostate).

 

The researchers conclude that their findings are a significant discovery to developing a new urine test for prostate cancer that is simple, non-invasive and convenient. The study’s proof-of-concept should be further tested and validated in larger sample sizes before it can be clinically implemented.

Adaptado de: https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/significantdevelopments-made-in-developing-a-new-urine-test-for-prostatecancer/ Acessado em 15 de novembro de 2020.

Prostate cancer

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The importance of feeling pain

 

Why is it important to feel pain?

 

Pain plays an important role in the lives of humans. It presumably serves to protect us from harm by making us associate certain harmful actions with a sensation of pain. And to alert us to diseases or conditions which we may have.

 

Pain also produces an emotional reaction, not just a physical one. Some pain can be caused by grief or depression, but are not easy to measure or to classify.

 

Then again, the absence of pain can encourage certain other actions. You are more likely to pick up the plate that is not piping hot than the one that is. You might have to do a quick touch test in order to tell the difference.

 

Everyone experiences pain at certain times in their lives.

 

The body is incredibly efficient at registering messages of pain, and extremely quick in getting you to perform an appropriate action in order to lessen the pain sensation. Touch an extremely hot object, for instance, and the impulse or message goes from the nerves in your fingertips, along your spinal cord to your brain. It almost instantly, within a fraction of a second, sends back the message to you to remove your finger immediately from the source of the heat.

 

Your nervous system consists of two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of your spinal cord and your brain, and the sensory or motor nerves, which form the socalled peripheral nervous system. The pain signal is sent to the thalamus, from where it is sent to the limbic system in order to interpret the pain. Is it a stabbing feeling? Is it a burn? Is it a fracture?

 

But it’s not that simple, as many things such as your state of mind, your state of health, your age, experiences you have had in the past and your expectations can all influence how severely you experience the pain.

 

A surge of adrenaline through your system at the time of an injury can make you realise only a while after an accident that you have injured yourself. Adrenaline functions a bit like a built-in painkiller. But it is, alas temporary.

 

The two most common kinds of pain are chronic pain and acute pain.

Adaptado de: https://www.health24.com/Medical/PainManagement/About-pain/The-importance-of-feeling-pain20140604 Acessado em 21 de novembro de 2020.

It is true to assert that

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.

 

The importance of feeling pain

 

Why is it important to feel pain?

 

Pain plays an important role in the lives of humans. It presumably serves to protect us from harm by making us associate certain harmful actions with a sensation of pain. And to alert us to diseases or conditions which we may have.

 

Pain also produces an emotional reaction, not just a physical one. Some pain can be caused by grief or depression, but are not easy to measure or to classify.

 

Then again, the absence of pain can encourage certain other actions. You are more likely to pick up the plate that is not piping hot than the one that is. You might have to do a quick touch test in order to tell the difference.

 

Everyone experiences pain at certain times in their lives.

 

The body is incredibly efficient at registering messages of pain, and extremely quick in getting you to perform an appropriate action in order to lessen the pain sensation. Touch an extremely hot object, for instance, and the impulse or message goes from the nerves in your fingertips, along your spinal cord to your brain. It almost instantly, within a fraction of a second, sends back the message to you to remove your finger immediately from the source of the heat.

 

Your nervous system consists of two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of your spinal cord and your brain, and the sensory or motor nerves, which form the socalled peripheral nervous system. The pain signal is sent to the thalamus, from where it is sent to the limbic system in order to interpret the pain. Is it a stabbing feeling? Is it a burn? Is it a fracture?

 

But it’s not that simple, as many things such as your state of mind, your state of health, your age, experiences you have had in the past and your expectations can all influence how severely you experience the pain.

 

A surge of adrenaline through your system at the time of an injury can make you realise only a while after an accident that you have injured yourself. Adrenaline functions a bit like a built-in painkiller. But it is, alas temporary.

 

The two most common kinds of pain are chronic pain and acute pain.

Adaptado de: https://www.health24.com/Medical/PainManagement/About-pain/The-importance-of-feeling-pain20140604 Acessado em 21 de novembro de 2020.

Pain

Read the comic strip.

The mission of the satellite depicted in the comic strip is to