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Climate And COVID-19: Converging Crises

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The climate crisis is still raging. A year ago, news headlines were dominated by the climate youth movement and a sense of urgency. But COVID-19 has displaced that interest and awareness. In fact, the causes of both crises share commonalities, and their effects are converging. The climate emergency and COVID-19, a zoonotic disease, are both borne of human activity that has led to environmental degradation. Neither the climate emergency nor a zoonotic pandemic were unexpected. Both have led to the preventable loss of lives through actions that are delayed, insufficient, or mistaken. However, aligning responses presents an opportunity to improve public health, create a sustainable economic future, and better protect the planet's remaining natural resources and biodiversity.

 

That health and climate change are interwoven is widely accepted, with extensive evidence of their interactions. For the past 5 years, the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change has monitored and reported more than 40 global indicators that measure the impact of our changing climate on health. The newly published 2020 report includes novel indicators on heat-related mortality, migration and population displacement, urban green spaces, low-carbon diets, and the economic costs of labour capacity loss due to extreme heat. The breadth of the indicators has deepened scientific understanding of how climate affects health and puts stress on health systems. […]

 

Curbing the drivers of climate change will help to suppress the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic diseases that are made more likely by intensive farming, international trade of exotic animals, and increased human encroachment into wildlife habitats, which in turn increase the likelihood of contact between people and zoonotic disease. Increased international travel and urbanisation leading to higher population density encourage the rapid spread of zoonoses once they spill over into the human population. These factors also have an important role in climate change as environmental determinants of health.

 

Both COVID-19 and the climate crisis have exposed the fact that the poorest and most marginalised people in society, such as migrants and refugee populations, are always the most vulnerable to shocks. With regard to climate change, those most impacted by extremes have usually contributed the least to the root causes of the crisis. This year's Countdown report finds that no country is immune to avoidable loss of lives arising from widening inequalities, with every indicator in the report following a worsening trend.

 

Climate has slipped from the top of the global agenda because of political indifference and the need to deal with the immediacies of COVID-19. 5 years on from the Paris Agreement, seizing the opportunity to refocus interests on sustainability offers the cobenefits of protecting our future health, the environment, and our planetary systems. As governments embark on economic recovery plans in the wake of COVID-19, concerns for climate change and equity are rightly focused on a green recovery. A global rapid transition to clean energy sources is needed, ending the stranglehold of fossil fuels. Decisions being made now must tackle both crises together to ensure the most effective response to each.

(Adapted from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140- 6736(20)32579-4/fulltext, published: December 02, 2020)

The sentence “Neither the climate emergency nor a zoonotic pandemic were unexpected.” (l. 7/8) means that both were

ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE - British author

By Philip K. Wilson

 

Arthur Conan Doyle, in full Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, (born May 22, 1859, Edinburgh, Scotland—died July 7, 1930, Crowborough, Sussex, England), Scottish writer best known for his creation of the detective Sherlock Holmes — one of the most vivid and enduring characters in English fiction.

 

Conan Doyle began seven years of Jesuit education in Lancashire, England, in 1868. After an additional year of schooling in Feldkirch, Austria, Conan Doyle returned to Edinburgh. Through the influence of Dr. Bryan Charles Waller, his mother’s lodger, he prepared for entry into the University of Edinburgh’s Medical School. He received Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery qualifications from Edinburgh in 1881 and an M.D. in 1885 upon completing his thesis, “An Essay upon the Vasomotor Changes in Tabes Dorsalis.”

While a medical student, Conan Doyle was deeply impressed by the skill of his professor, Dr. Joseph Bell, in observing the most minute detail regarding a patient’s condition. (01)           . Other aspects of Conan Doyle’s medical education and experiences appear in his semiautobiographical novels, The Firm of Girdlestone (1890) and The Stark Munro Letters (1895), and in the collection of medical short stories Round the Red Lamp (1894). (See also Sherlock Holmes: Pioneer in Forensic Science.)

WILSON, Philip K. Arthur Conan Doyle - British author. Published in July 3, 2020. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available in: Access in: July, 23 2020 (Adapted).

 

One sentence is missing in the text. According to the context, choose the alternative which correctly completes the idea of the text in the gap [showed in bold and numbered as 01 in the text].

3 OF THE BEST ETHICAL ALTERNATIVES TO FOSSIL FUELS

 

In recent years, ethical issues regarding our energy use and systems have (1)               been at the forefront of the global conscious. Growing awareness of climate change has led us to question how we’re producing and using energy, and how sustainable these practices are.

These ethical (2)              are more important now than ever. The IPCC has predicted that global temperatures will rise by up to 10 degrees over the next century, and this is largely due to emissions from energy production. In fact, 90% of all carbon emissions caused by human activity come from fossil fuels.

(3)                , this shows no signs of reducing, with the International VESTIBULAR PSV-2021/UFGD – CURSOS PRESENCIAIS E A DISTÂNCIA – PROVA DE OBJETIVA 2 Energy Agency predicting that Chinese emissions will double by 2035.

To keep global temperature increases within manageable levels, we need to leave 80% of our current fossil fuel reserves underground. As such, the need for ethical alternatives to fossil fuels is greater now than ever. Here are 3 of the most promising alternative fuel sources that could (4)              us to turn things around: solar power, wave energy and wind energy.

JOSEPH, Sipur. 3 of the Best Ethical Alternatives to Fossil Fuels. Energy Central Pulse. The Energy Collective Group. Published in: 01 August 2019. Available in: https://energycentral.com/c/ee/3-best-ethical-alternatives-fossil- fuels Access in: July, 20 2020 (Adapted).

 

Quatro termos foram omitidos no texto.

 

Escolha a alternativa que apresenta as palavras que completam, correta e respectivamente, as lacunas no texto.

WHY IT’S IMPORTANT THAT WE STUDY HISTORY

 

When most of us think back to our childhood school days, we can also remember at least a handful of kids who thought history class was a drag. To (1) them, history just seemed like a jumble of names and dates attached to events long over with and people long dead. What was the point of learning (2) it at all?

 

They didn’t know then that history was one of the most important subjects they’d ever study. Here we’ll take a closer look at why history is important and explore why everyone should make it a point to study it in depth.

 

History helps us understand ourselves.

 

To understand who you are, you need to develop a sense of self. A large part of that is learning where you fit into the story of your country or the global community in the grand scheme of things. History tells you the story of how your nation, city, or community came to be everything that it is. It tells you where your ancestors came from and tells you who (3) they were. Most importantly of all, it gives you the ability to spot (and appreciate) the legacies you may have inherited from (4) them.

Arcadia Publishing. Why it's important that we study History. Available in:https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/Navigation/Community/Arcadia-andTHP-Blog/June-2016/Why-It%E2%80%99s-Important-That-We-Study-History. Access in: July, 22 2020 (Adapted).

 

Escolha a alternativa cujas expressões se referem, correta e respectivamente, às quatro palavras destacadas e numeradas no texto.

MUSIC AND HEALTH

 

Music is a fundamental attribute of the human species. Virtually all cultures, from the most primitive to the most advanced, make music. It's been true through history, and it's true throughout an individual's lifespan. In tune or not, we humans sing and hum; in time or not, we clap and sway; in step or not, we dance and bounce.

 

The human brain and nervous system are hard-wired to distinguish music from noise and to respond to rhythm and repetition, tones and tunes. Is this a biologic accident, or does it serve a purpose? It's not possible to say. Still, a varied group of studies suggests that music may enhance human health and performance.

 

Music and the mind

 

The most highly publicized mental influence of music is the "Mozart effect." Struck by the observation that many musicians have unusual mathematical ability, researchers at the University of California, Irvine, investigated how listening to music affects cognitive function in general, and spatialtemporal reasoning in particular. In their first study, they administered standard IQ test questions to three groups of college students, comparing those who had spent 10 minutes listening to a Mozart piano sonata with a group that had been listening to a relaxation tape and one that had been waiting in silence. Mozart was the winner, consistently boosting test scores. Next, the investigators checked to see if the effect was specific to classical music or if any form of music would enhance mental performance. They compared Mozart's music with repetitive music by Philip Glass; again, Mozart seemed to help, improving spatial reasoning as measured by complex paper cutting and folding tasks and short-term memory as measured by a 16-item test.

Harvard Health Publishing/Harvard Medical School. Music and health. Published: July 2011. Available in: https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying- healthy/music-and-health Access: july, 18, 2020 (Adapted)

 

The article discusses the relation between music and health. For that, it shows an example on the effects of music to our minds.

 

What is the best statement about the example given in the text?

As questão se referem ao texto a seguir:

 

Stretch my legs, Doc!

 

    Swee Jing paid more money that most Chinese people earn in a year to have both her legs broken and stretched. The pretty college graduate is now lying in a hospital bed, clearly still in pain, after the doctors sawed through the flesh and bone of both legs in eight places. Each leg now has eight steel rods sticking out of it below the knee and these are connected to a steel cage surrounding each leg. Once the broken bones start to heal the doctors will begin to turn the screws on the cage pushing the steel rods apart and so stretching the leg. It is a slow and painful process that will take 18 months to add 8cm to Swee Jing's height.

    Despite the agony, the cost and the inconvenience, the 23-year-old says she does not regret a thing. "It hurts, but it will be worth it to be taller. I'll have more opportunities in life and a better chance of finding a good job and husband."

    Her parents, who financed the operation and are now at her bedside, agree. "It's an investment in our daughter's future. Because she was short, she used to lack confidence, but this should change that."

    Kong Jing-wen is one of a growing number of perfectly healthy Chinese young men and women who are willing to have their legs broken in order to rise up the ladder in height-conscious China.

    In part, the popularity of such surgery can be explained by the surge of interest in fashion and beauty in a country where things like fashion magazines and beauty contests used to be banned. The once closed society is now more open to western influences and the relatively prosperous middle classes have the money to explore cosmetic possibilities. Shops and magazines in the cities show endless images of long-legged western models, inevitably putting pressure on young women.

    There are also domestic pressures. Height is listed among the criteria required on job advertisements. To get a post in the foreign ministry, for instance, male applicants need not bother applying unless they are at least 5ft 7in, while women must be at least 5ft 3in. Chinese diplomats are expected to be tall to match the height of their foreign counterparts.

    For more glamorous positions the conditions are even tougher: air stewardesses have to be over 5ft 5in. But height discrimination is evident even at ground level: in some places, people under 5ft 3in are not even eligible to take a driving test. To get into many law schools, women students need to be over 5ft 1in and men over 5ft 5in. Height requirements are also frequently mentioned in the personal ads of newspapers and magazines.

    Even successful operations can bring pain several months after the initial operation. "During the final weeks of the stretching, I was in so much discomfort that I couldn't sleep at night," says one young woman from Beijing who gave her name as Susan. The 27-year-old is in hospital recovering from an operation to remove the steel rods that have been inside her legs for the past 18 months. Each leg now bears eight circular scars, each half an inch in diameter.

    Now that she is 8cm taller than before, Susan says she would not hesitate to recommend the procedure to her friends. "It hurt at first and had a big impact on my life for a long time because I couldn't walk freely. But it has worked, and I feel very good about that. Before, nobody paid any attention to me because I was short, but now they'll look at me."

Fonte: https://www.fullspate.digitalcounterrevolution.co.uk/english-articlesadvanced/. Acessado no dia 29 de julho de 2021

Assinale o único motivo que NÃO foi mencionado no texto para a realização da cirurgia: