Questões de EFAF Inglês - Vocabulary -

Disponível em: https://freewalkertours.com/christ- -the-redeemer-curiosities/. Acesso em: 16 mai. 2019 (adaptado).

    Today I want to share Christ the Redeemer curiosities that call my attention. When we talk about Rio de Janeiro, we always remember it: the wonderful symbol of the city, recently voted one of the Seven Wonders of the World!

 

Uma informação importante que o texto traz é a de que o Cristo Redentor é

Part I - Reading Comprehension

Pidgins and creoles
Pidgin Languages

 

    A pidgin is a system of communication which
has grown up among people who do not share a
common language, but who want to talk to each other,
for trading or other reasons. Pidgins have been
[5] variously called ‘makeshift’, ‘marginal’, or ‘mixed’
languages. They have a limited vocabulary, a reduced
grammatical structure, and a much narrower range of
functions, compared to the languages which gave rise
to them. They are the native language of no one, but
[10] they are nonetheless a main means of communication
for millions of people, and a major focus of interest to
those who study the way languages change.
    It is essential to avoid the stereotype of a
pidgin language, as perpetrated over the years in
[15] generations of children’s comics and films. The ‘Me
Tarzan, you Jane’ image is far from the reality. A
pidgin is not a language which has broken down; nor
is it the result of baby talk, laziness, corruption,
primitive thought processes, or mental deficiency. On
[20] the contrary: pidgins are demonstrably creative
adaptations of natural languages, with a structure and
rules of their own. Along with creoles, they are
evidence of a fundamental process of linguistic
change, as languages come into contact with each
[25] other, producing new varieties whose structures and
uses contract and expand. They provide the clearest
evidence of language being created and shaped by
society for its own ends, as people adapt to new social
circumstances. This emphasis on processes of change
[30] is reflected in the terms pidginization and
creolization.
    Most pidgins are based on European
languages – English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and
Portuguese – reflecting the history of colonialism.
[35] However, this observation may be the result only of
our ignorance of the languages used in parts of
Africa, South America, or South-east Asia, where
situations of language contact are frequent. One of
the best-known non-European pidgins is Chinook
[40] Jargon, once used for trading by American Indians in
north-west USA. Another is Sango, a pidginized
variety of Ngbandi, spoken widely in west-central
Africa.
    Because of their limited function, pidgin
[45] languages usually do not last for very long –
sometimes for only a few years, and rarely for more
than a century. They die when the original reason for
communication diminishes or disappears, as

communities move apart, or one community learns
[50] the language of the other. (Alternatively, the pidgin
may develop into a creole.) The pidgin French which
was used in Vietnam all but disappeared when the
French left; similarly, the pidgin English which
appeared during the American Vietnam campaign
[55] virtually disappeared as soon as the war was over. But
there are exceptions. The pidgin known as
Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir, began in the
Middle Ages and lasted until the 20th century.
    Some pidgins have become so useful as a
[60] means of communication between languages that they
have developed a more formal role, as regular
auxiliary languages. They may even be given official
status by a community, as lingua francas. These cases
are known as ‘expanded pidgins’, because of the way
[65] in which they have added extra forms to cope with the
needs of their users, and have come to be used in a
much wider range of situations than previously. In
time, these languages may come to be used on the
radio, in the press, and may even develop a literature
[70] of their own. Some of the most widely used expanded
pidgins are Krio (in Sierra Leone), Nigerian Pidgin
English, and Bislama (in Vanuatu). In Papua New
Guinea, the local pidgin (Tok Pisin) is the most
widely used language in the country.

(CRYSTAL, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed., 2010, p.344).

In line 57, “Lingua Franca” is:

TEXTO

 

SAIBA MAIS SOBRE A LÍNGUA DOTHRAKI

Conversamos com David Peterson, linguista responsável pela criação dos idiomas de Game of Thrones

 

    Se você encontrar um integrante de uma tribo Dothraki, é uma boa ideia saudá-lo com um respeitoso “m’athchomaroon” e passar longe de palavras como “gale”. Quem afirma isso é o linguista contratado pela série Game of Thrones para criar as línguas “estrangeiras” da história - o Dothraki e o Alto Valiriano. David Peterson, formado pela Universidade da Califórnia em San Diego, é integrante da Sociedade de Criação de Linguagens, organização que se dedica às conlangs. Conlang não é uma gíria Dothraki e, sim, uma sigla que, em inglês, significa “língua construída”. Ou seja, idiomas como o esperanto, que tiveram suas regras, palavras e construções pensadas e desenvolvidas — diferente das línguas naturais, que surgem de forma espontânea através da derivação de sons e de dialetos.
    Conversamos com David Peterson sobre a Guerra dos Tronos, a criação do Dothraki e até pedimos
para que ele nos ensinasse a xingar no idioma de Khal Drogo. Confira:

(1) Galileu: Qual é a relação que você manteve no idioma com a cultura Dothraki? Peterson: O idioma inteiro é baseado na realidade dos Dothraki. Consequentemente, há palavras para descrever todas as plantas, animais e os fenômenos que acontecem em seu cotidiano — e nenhuma para situações desconhecidas.

(2) Galileu: Pode dar exemplos? Peterson: Não faria sentido criar palavras para “livro”, “ler” e “escrever”, já que o Dothraki não existe na forma escrita. Também não há palavra equivalente a “obrigado”, porque a cultura deles não observa a gratidão da mesma forma. Mas há palavras diferentes para fezes de animais, dependendo se elas estão  frescas ou secas. Como as fezes secas são usadas para fazer fogueiras, essa distinção é muito importante para eles. Também há 14 palavras diferentes para “cavalo”.

(3) Galileu: Os atores da série conseguem se comunicar na língua? Peterson: Pelo que sei, os atores apenas memorizam as falas, sem aprender o idioma. Não esperava que eles aprendessem, afinal, seria um trabalhão. Eles “pegaram” algumas palavras e expressões, mas duvido que conseguissem manter uma conversa simples em Dothraki.
(4) Galileu: Você também criou o Alto Valiriano, outro idioma falado em Essos, e disse, em entrevist, que a língua é “quase bonita demais”. Quais são os sons e as construções que tornam isso possível? De que forma o Alto Valiriano se opõe aos sons guturais e pesados do Dothraki?

Peterson: O Alto Valiriano é mais rico em ditongos do que o Dothraki. E enquanto possui uma pegada gutural, o som é mais raro. Gramaticamente, as línguas têm suas diferenças. As duas não têm artigos, mas a ordem das palavras é diferente, com o verbo sempre entrando no final da sentença e os adjetivos sempre precedendo o pronome que eles modificam.

(5) Galileu: Em aulas de línguas estrangeiras, uma das primeiras coisas que aprendemos (normalmente através dos colegas e não dos professores) são os xingamentos. E também gostamos de zoar os gringos que vêm ao Brasil, ensinando palavrões em português, como se tivessem outro significado. Você pode nos ensinar a xingar em Dothraki?

Peterson: Claro! O Dothraki é um idioma “abençoado” com muitos palavrões. “Ifak”, por exemplo, é uma palavra que tem o significado de gringo, de estrangeiro. Mas no Dothraki é usado como um insulto. “Graddakh” é a palavra usada para fezes, sempre em tom pejorativo. Muitos dos outros xingamentos são óbvios, como “gale” que significa ovo — mas também a genitália masculina.

GALASTRI, Luciana. Saiba mais sobre a língua dothraki. Disponível em:
https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Cultura/Series/noticia/2014/06/o-criador-das-linguas-de-game-thrones.html. Acesso em: 04 maio 2019 (adaptado).

O TEXTO  é uma entrevista jornalística que se caracteriza por apresentar, principalmente, sequências tipológicas

Read text in order to answer item.

 

Helping at a hospital

 

    Every year many young people finish school and then take a year off before they start work or go to college. Some of them go to other countries and work as volunteers. Volunteers give their time to help people. For example, they work in schools or hospitals, or they help with conservation.

    Mike Coleman is 19 and                 in Omaha, Nebraska, in the United States. He wants to become a teacher but now he                 in Namibia. He's working in a hospital near Katima Mulilo. He says, “I'm working with the doctors and nurses here to help sick people. I'm not a doctor but I can do a lot of things to help. For example, I help carry people who can't walk. Sometimes I go to villages in the mobile hospital, too. There aren't many doctors here so they need help from people like me. I don't get any money, but that's OK, I'm not here for the money.”

    “I'm staying here for two months, and Im living in a small house with five other volunteers. The work is hard and the days are long, but im enjoying my life here. I'm learning a lot about life in Southern Africa and about myself! When I finish the two months' work, I want to travel in and around Namibia for three weeks. For example, I want to see the animals in the Okavango Delta in Botswana.”

http:// vyre-legacy-access.cambridge.org

Mark the right option to fill in the following sentence.

 

Why is Mike Coleman in Namibia, South Africa? Because                                     .

Read text in order to answer item.

 

The Vikings
Raiders, travelers or brave explorers?

 

    The Vikings sailed the seas, attacked towns, and stole treasures all over Europe between 800 and 1100. They started from Scandinavia and attacked many countries in Europe. They settled in Britain, Ireland and France. They also crossed the Atlantic Ocean and arrived in Iceland and Greenland. They discovered North America but they alsc traveled east to Russia and south to Arabia.

    They were good farmers and excellent shipbuilders. They used their ships for war. They also used them to carry people and goods to new lands. In winter, when there was not much farm work to do, they stayed home and did other interesting jobs. Men made swords to use them in battle. The Vikings liked swords so much they often decorated them with gold and gave them names. Women cooked and made clothes, shoes, and jewelry for themselves,                    children and husbands.

    In 866 the Vikings captured an Anglo-Saxon town. They called it Jorvik and it was the capital of the Viking kingdom for 200 years. They made Jorvik rich and one oi the most famous cities in Britain. Some years ago, archeologists discovered part of that Viking town in York, the modern city of Jorvik. They found many things such as Jewelry, coins and clothes. If you ever go to York and you want to travel back in time and see how the Vikings lived, visit the Jorvik Centre!

Adapted from Wilson, D. M. (1987) The Vikings, Activity Book, British Museum Press
http:/Amww.pi-schools.gr/books/gymnasio/aggl a prox/ergas/043-060.pdf

All the statements below are correct about the Vikings, EXCEPT that they