Questões de EFAF Inglês - Comprehension

TEXTO

 

SAIBA MAIS SOBRE A LÍNGUA DOTHRAKI

Conversamos com David Peterson, linguista responsável pela criação dos idiomas de Game of Thrones

 

    Se você encontrar um integrante de uma tribo Dothraki, é uma boa ideia saudá-lo com um respeitoso “m’athchomaroon” e passar longe de palavras como “gale”. Quem afirma isso é o linguista contratado pela série Game of Thrones para criar as línguas “estrangeiras” da história - o Dothraki e o Alto Valiriano. David Peterson, formado pela Universidade da Califórnia em San Diego, é integrante da Sociedade de Criação de Linguagens, organização que se dedica às conlangs. Conlang não é uma gíria Dothraki e, sim, uma sigla que, em inglês, significa “língua construída”. Ou seja, idiomas como o esperanto, que tiveram suas regras, palavras e construções pensadas e desenvolvidas — diferente das línguas naturais, que surgem de forma espontânea através da derivação de sons e de dialetos.
    Conversamos com David Peterson sobre a Guerra dos Tronos, a criação do Dothraki e até pedimos
para que ele nos ensinasse a xingar no idioma de Khal Drogo. Confira:

(1) Galileu: Qual é a relação que você manteve no idioma com a cultura Dothraki? Peterson: O idioma inteiro é baseado na realidade dos Dothraki. Consequentemente, há palavras para descrever todas as plantas, animais e os fenômenos que acontecem em seu cotidiano — e nenhuma para situações desconhecidas.

(2) Galileu: Pode dar exemplos? Peterson: Não faria sentido criar palavras para “livro”, “ler” e “escrever”, já que o Dothraki não existe na forma escrita. Também não há palavra equivalente a “obrigado”, porque a cultura deles não observa a gratidão da mesma forma. Mas há palavras diferentes para fezes de animais, dependendo se elas estão  frescas ou secas. Como as fezes secas são usadas para fazer fogueiras, essa distinção é muito importante para eles. Também há 14 palavras diferentes para “cavalo”.

(3) Galileu: Os atores da série conseguem se comunicar na língua? Peterson: Pelo que sei, os atores apenas memorizam as falas, sem aprender o idioma. Não esperava que eles aprendessem, afinal, seria um trabalhão. Eles “pegaram” algumas palavras e expressões, mas duvido que conseguissem manter uma conversa simples em Dothraki.
(4) Galileu: Você também criou o Alto Valiriano, outro idioma falado em Essos, e disse, em entrevist, que a língua é “quase bonita demais”. Quais são os sons e as construções que tornam isso possível? De que forma o Alto Valiriano se opõe aos sons guturais e pesados do Dothraki?

Peterson: O Alto Valiriano é mais rico em ditongos do que o Dothraki. E enquanto possui uma pegada gutural, o som é mais raro. Gramaticamente, as línguas têm suas diferenças. As duas não têm artigos, mas a ordem das palavras é diferente, com o verbo sempre entrando no final da sentença e os adjetivos sempre precedendo o pronome que eles modificam.

(5) Galileu: Em aulas de línguas estrangeiras, uma das primeiras coisas que aprendemos (normalmente através dos colegas e não dos professores) são os xingamentos. E também gostamos de zoar os gringos que vêm ao Brasil, ensinando palavrões em português, como se tivessem outro significado. Você pode nos ensinar a xingar em Dothraki?

Peterson: Claro! O Dothraki é um idioma “abençoado” com muitos palavrões. “Ifak”, por exemplo, é uma palavra que tem o significado de gringo, de estrangeiro. Mas no Dothraki é usado como um insulto. “Graddakh” é a palavra usada para fezes, sempre em tom pejorativo. Muitos dos outros xingamentos são óbvios, como “gale” que significa ovo — mas também a genitália masculina.

GALASTRI, Luciana. Saiba mais sobre a língua dothraki. Disponível em:
https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Cultura/Series/noticia/2014/06/o-criador-das-linguas-de-game-thrones.html. Acesso em: 04 maio 2019 (adaptado).

O TEXTO  é uma entrevista jornalística que se caracteriza por apresentar, principalmente, sequências tipológicas

Big education publisher to end printed textbooks

 

The world's largest education publisher, Pearson, has said it will gradually phase out printed textbooks. It has taken a decision to make all of its learning resources "digital first". Pearson said the future of the industry is in e-books and digital services. Pearson CEO John Fallon explained more about the company's future direction. He told the BBC: "We are now over the digital tipping point. Over half our annual revenues come from digital sales, so we've decided, a little bit like in other industries like newspapers or music or in broadcast, that it is time to flick the switch in how we primarily make and create our products." He added: "I am increasingly confident and excited about this."
Pearson said a huge advantage of digital books is that they can be continually updated, _________3 means teachers will always have access to the latest versions of textbooks. Mr. Fallon said Pearson would stop its current business model of revising printed course books every three years. He said this model has dominated the industry for over four decades and is now past its use-by date. Fallon said: "We learn by engaging and sharing with others, and a digital environment enables you to do that in a much more effective way." He added the digital books will appeal to the "Netflix and Spotify generation". Textbook writers are worried they will earn less from their books as digital products are sold on a subscription basis.

Source: https://breakingnewsenglish.com/1907/190718-textbooks.html Captured on: 26/07/19

According to the text, it is wrong to affirm that:

Mark the sentence that is not true.

Read text to do item.

 

TEXT

 

Passwords to be replaced by Web Authentication

lt looks like login usernames and passwords are on       (I)       way out. No longer will we have to worry about the security of       (II)      login credentials. They are set to be replaced by an infinitely more secure login system known as Web Authentication. Web Authentication has become an official standard for logging in at the main Internet standards body, the World Wide Web Consortium (WWWC). It is a system that will be universally used by web browsers and platforms for simpler and stronger authentication processes. It will allow website users to log in securely to their online accounts using a digital device, biometrics (such as fingerprints and facial recognition) or USB security keys.

 

The WWWC spoke about the days of passwords being numbered. A spokesperson said: "It's common knowledge that passwords have outlived their efficacy. Not only are stolen, weak or default passwords behind 81 per cent of data breaches, they are a drain of time and resources.” It added: "Now is the time for web services and businesses to adopt Web Authentication to move beyond vulnerable passwords and help web users improve the security of their online experiences," Web Authentication means users are at less risk of having their passwords and credentials stolen. This is because login authentication is achieved via physical vices or biometrics from our body.

https://breakingnewsenglish.com/1904/190401-web-authentication.html

What two examples of biometrics did the article mention?

Read text to do item.

 

TEXT

Robotic Cars

 

The year is 2020, and it's 7;45 on a rainy Monday morning, and you are in your car on your way to work. You turn right, and you turn left. A few minutes later, you stop at a traffic light. When the light turns green and there are no other cars in the intersection, you continue on your way. Ten minutes later you get to work and stop reading the morning paper. Then, you get out of your car and you say, “Thank you!”, Your car replies, “You're welcome!”. This possible future may sound unreal, but in fact many car companies are already testing robotic cars, or driverless cars, on the roads today, although the cars don't speak very much yet.

 

In the 1980s, Germany and the United States tested the first driverless cars, and by 2020 companies such as Volvo, GM, Nissan and BMW plan to sell driverless cars. Driverless cars are not really 'driverless' - the drivers are computers that use radar, computer maps and other modem technology. They offer many advantages. Perhaps the most important of these is fewer deaths caused by road accidents. For example, in 1968 more than 53.000 people lost their lives in car accidents in the USA. This number has fallen to less than 33.000 but it's still à high number. In addition, people will spend less time stuck in traffic jams and there will be no need for people to have a driving license. One of the major disadvantages of this new technology, however, is the cost. It's not free. U$5.000 to U$10.000 is added to the price of the new car. Nevertheless, at some time in your life, you will probably be sitting in a robotic, .driverless car on your way to work or school. The future is almost here. Are you ready for it?

hitps://www .allthingstopics.com/uploads/2/3/2/9/2329022 0/lesson-drivina-roboticcars2.pdf

The robotic car can:

Read text to do item.

 

TEXT

Robotic Cars

 

The year is 2020, and it's 7;45 on a rainy Monday morning, and you are in your car on your way to work. You turn right, and you turn left. A few minutes later, you stop at a traffic light. When the light turns green and there are no other cars in the intersection, you continue on your way. Ten minutes later you get to work and stop reading the morning paper. Then, you get out of your car and you say, “Thank you!”, Your car replies, “You're welcome!”. This possible future may sound unreal, but in fact many car companies are already testing robotic cars, or driverless cars, on the roads today, although the cars don't speak very much yet.

 

In the 1980s, Germany and the United States tested the first driverless cars, and by 2020 companies such as Volvo, GM, Nissan and BMW plan to sell driverless cars. Driverless cars are not really 'driverless' - the drivers are computers that use radar, computer maps and other modem technology. They offer many advantages. Perhaps the most important of these is fewer deaths caused by road accidents. For example, in 1968 more than 53.000 people lost their lives in car accidents in the USA. This number has fallen to less than 33.000 but it's still à high number. In addition, people will spend less time stuck in traffic jams and there will be no need for people to have a driving license. One of the major disadvantages of this new technology, however, is the cost. It's not free. U$5.000 to U$10.000 is added to the price of the new car. Nevertheless, at some time in your life, you will probably be sitting in a robotic, .driverless car on your way to work or school. The future is almost here. Are you ready for it?

hitps://www .allthingstopics.com/uploads/2/3/2/9/2329022 0/lesson-drivina-roboticcars2.pdf

According to the text, a driverless car is a car that