Questões de EFAF Inglês

Mark the correct alternative.

Part I - Reading Comprehension

Pidgins and creoles
Pidgin Languages

 

    A pidgin is a system of communication which
has grown up among people who do not share a
common language, but who want to talk to each other,
for trading or other reasons. Pidgins have been
[5] variously called ‘makeshift’, ‘marginal’, or ‘mixed’
languages. They have a limited vocabulary, a reduced
grammatical structure, and a much narrower range of
functions, compared to the languages which gave rise
to them. They are the native language of no one, but
[10] they are nonetheless a main means of communication
for millions of people, and a major focus of interest to
those who study the way languages change.
    It is essential to avoid the stereotype of a
pidgin language, as perpetrated over the years in
[15] generations of children’s comics and films. The ‘Me
Tarzan, you Jane’ image is far from the reality. A
pidgin is not a language which has broken down; nor
is it the result of baby talk, laziness, corruption,
primitive thought processes, or mental deficiency. On
[20] the contrary: pidgins are demonstrably creative
adaptations of natural languages, with a structure and
rules of their own. Along with creoles, they are
evidence of a fundamental process of linguistic
change, as languages come into contact with each
[25] other, producing new varieties whose structures and
uses contract and expand. They provide the clearest
evidence of language being created and shaped by
society for its own ends, as people adapt to new social
circumstances. This emphasis on processes of change
[30] is reflected in the terms pidginization and
creolization.
    Most pidgins are based on European
languages – English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and
Portuguese – reflecting the history of colonialism.
[35] However, this observation may be the result only of
our ignorance of the languages used in parts of
Africa, South America, or South-east Asia, where
situations of language contact are frequent. One of
the best-known non-European pidgins is Chinook
[40] Jargon, once used for trading by American Indians in
north-west USA. Another is Sango, a pidginized
variety of Ngbandi, spoken widely in west-central
Africa.
    Because of their limited function, pidgin
[45] languages usually do not last for very long –
sometimes for only a few years, and rarely for more
than a century. They die when the original reason for
communication diminishes or disappears, as

communities move apart, or one community learns
[50] the language of the other. (Alternatively, the pidgin
may develop into a creole.) The pidgin French which
was used in Vietnam all but disappeared when the
French left; similarly, the pidgin English which
appeared during the American Vietnam campaign
[55] virtually disappeared as soon as the war was over. But
there are exceptions. The pidgin known as
Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir, began in the
Middle Ages and lasted until the 20th century.
    Some pidgins have become so useful as a
[60] means of communication between languages that they
have developed a more formal role, as regular
auxiliary languages. They may even be given official
status by a community, as lingua francas. These cases
are known as ‘expanded pidgins’, because of the way
[65] in which they have added extra forms to cope with the
needs of their users, and have come to be used in a
much wider range of situations than previously. In
time, these languages may come to be used on the
radio, in the press, and may even develop a literature
[70] of their own. Some of the most widely used expanded
pidgins are Krio (in Sierra Leone), Nigerian Pidgin
English, and Bislama (in Vanuatu). In Papua New
Guinea, the local pidgin (Tok Pisin) is the most
widely used language in the country.

(CRYSTAL, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed., 2010, p.344).

In line 27, “(...) they have added extra forms to cope with the needs of their users (...)”, the phrasal verb in bold is closest in meaning to:

Most common prejudices

What are some of the most common ways people discriminate against each other? Some of the areas where people show their intolerance are well- known, such as race. But others (01) are less acknowledged${}^1$, even if more common:

Age: Ageism (02) is more common than you think. Older people are thought to be inflexible and stuck${}^2$ in the past, while younger people are seen as inexperienced and naive. (03) One-fifth of working adults say they experience ageism in the workplace (04) (05).

Class: Classism usually takes the form of discrimination by wealthier people against those who are less well off. However, classism goes both ways - people of lower economic status can see the wealthy as elite snobs who, while monetarily secure, are morally bankrupt${}^3$.

Color: Different from racism, colorism is discrimination based only on the color of a person’s skin; how relatively dark or light they are. Colorism takes place within and between races. It is common in multi-ethnic and non-white societies and societies with historical racial prejudice.

Ability: (06)Usually called ableism, a less well-known form of prejudice (07) is discrimination against people with visible disabilities such as (08) those in wheelchairs or with a learning disability (09). The disabled face discrimination not only from their peers${}^4$, but from institutions, schools, employers, and landowners${}^5$ who are hesitant to accommodate the disabled.

Sex/Gender: Possibly the most universal and long running prejudice is that based on a person’s gender or sex. Historically, sexism has placed men in a more advantageous position than women.

Weight/Size: In short, sizeism is discrimination based on (10) a person’s body size or weight(11). Sizeism works with social standards of beauty and usually takes the form of discrimination against the overweight — anti-fat prejudice.

Religion: Religious discrimination and persecution(12) has been common throughout history. But (13) prejudice based on religious affiliation (14) doesn’t end with organized religion; (15) atheists are prone${}^6$ to discrimination and being discriminated (16) against.

Sexual orientation: Most commonly, prejudice based on sexual orientation includes discrimination against those of a non-heterosexual orientation. Discrimination against the non-heterosexual takes many forms depending on the society. In some societies prejudice is open and tolerated, but in most Western societies, bias${}^7$ against the non-heterosexual is more discreet.

Country of origin: Nativism is a common form of discrimination against immigrants to a country. Unlike many other forms of discrimination, nativism is many times encouraged and enforced by some public entities.

(17)Which prejudice do you have" (18) Which prejudice have you experienced"

(Adapted from https://aloftyexistence.wordpress.com)

Glossary

acknowledged - reconhecidos (as)

stuck - presos (as)

bankrupt - falidos (as)

peers - pares; colegas

landowners - proprietários (as)

prone - propensos (as)

bias - julgamento ou opinião parcial

Mark the incorrect definition of the word “ageism” (02).

Most common prejudices

What are some of the most common ways people discriminate against each other? Some of the areas where people show their intolerance are well- known, such as race. But others (01) are less acknowledged${}^1$, even if more common:

Age: Ageism (02) is more common than you think. Older people are thought to be inflexible and stuck${}^2$ in the past, while younger people are seen as inexperienced and naive. (03) One-fifth of working adults say they experience ageism in the workplace (04) (05).

Class: Classism usually takes the form of discrimination by wealthier people against those who are less well off. However, classism goes both ways - people of lower economic status can see the wealthy as elite snobs who, while monetarily secure, are morally bankrupt${}^3$.

Color: Different from racism, colorism is discrimination based only on the color of a person’s skin; how relatively dark or light they are. Colorism takes place within and between races. It is common in multi-ethnic and non-white societies and societies with historical racial prejudice.

Ability: (06)Usually called ableism, a less well-known form of prejudice (07) is discrimination against people with visible disabilities such as (08) those in wheelchairs or with a learning disability (09). The disabled face discrimination not only from their peers${}^4$, but from institutions, schools, employers, and landowners${}^5$ who are hesitant to accommodate the disabled.

Sex/Gender: Possibly the most universal and long running prejudice is that based on a person’s gender or sex. Historically, sexism has placed men in a more advantageous position than women.

Weight/Size: In short, sizeism is discrimination based on (10) a person’s body size or weight(11). Sizeism works with social standards of beauty and usually takes the form of discrimination against the overweight — anti-fat prejudice.

Religion: Religious discrimination and persecution(12) has been common throughout history. But (13) prejudice based on religious affiliation (14) doesn’t end with organized religion; (15) atheists are prone${}^6$ to discrimination and being discriminated (16) against.

Sexual orientation: Most commonly, prejudice based on sexual orientation includes discrimination against those of a non-heterosexual orientation. Discrimination against the non-heterosexual takes many forms depending on the society. In some societies prejudice is open and tolerated, but in most Western societies, bias${}^7$ against the non-heterosexual is more discreet.

Country of origin: Nativism is a common form of discrimination against immigrants to a country. Unlike many other forms of discrimination, nativism is many times encouraged and enforced by some public entities.

(17)Which prejudice do you have" (18) Which prejudice have you experienced"

(Adapted from https://aloftyexistence.wordpress.com)

Glossary

acknowledged - reconhecidos (as)

stuck - presos (as)

bankrupt - falidos (as)

peers - pares; colegas

landowners - proprietários (as)

prone - propensos (as)

bias - julgamento ou opinião parcial

Mark the group of uncountable words extracted from the text above.

Most common prejudices

What are some of the most common ways people discriminate against each other? Some of the areas where people show their intolerance are well- known, such as race. But others (01) are less acknowledged${}^1$, even if more common:

Age: Ageism (02) is more common than you think. Older people are thought to be inflexible and stuck${}^2$ in the past, while younger people are seen as inexperienced and naive. (03) One-fifth of working adults say they experience ageism in the workplace (04) (05).

Class: Classism usually takes the form of discrimination by wealthier people against those who are less well off. However, classism goes both ways - people of lower economic status can see the wealthy as elite snobs who, while monetarily secure, are morally bankrupt${}^3$.

Color: Different from racism, colorism is discrimination based only on the color of a person’s skin; how relatively dark or light they are. Colorism takes place within and between races. It is common in multi-ethnic and non-white societies and societies with historical racial prejudice.

Ability: (06)Usually called ableism, a less well-known form of prejudice (07) is discrimination against people with visible disabilities such as (08) those in wheelchairs or with a learning disability (09). The disabled face discrimination not only from their peers${}^4$, but from institutions, schools, employers, and landowners${}^5$ who are hesitant to accommodate the disabled.

Sex/Gender: Possibly the most universal and long running prejudice is that based on a person’s gender or sex. Historically, sexism has placed men in a more advantageous position than women.

Weight/Size: In short, sizeism is discrimination based on (10) a person’s body size or weight(11). Sizeism works with social standards of beauty and usually takes the form of discrimination against the overweight — anti-fat prejudice.

Religion: Religious discrimination and persecution(12) has been common throughout history. But (13) prejudice based on religious affiliation (14) doesn’t end with organized religion; (15) atheists are prone${}^6$ to discrimination and being discriminated (16) against.

Sexual orientation: Most commonly, prejudice based on sexual orientation includes discrimination against those of a non-heterosexual orientation. Discrimination against the non-heterosexual takes many forms depending on the society. In some societies prejudice is open and tolerated, but in most Western societies, bias${}^7$ against the non-heterosexual is more discreet.

Country of origin: Nativism is a common form of discrimination against immigrants to a country. Unlike many other forms of discrimination, nativism is many times encouraged and enforced by some public entities.

(17)Which prejudice do you have" (18) Which prejudice have you experienced"

(Adapted from https://aloftyexistence.wordpress.com)

Glossary

acknowledged - reconhecidos (as)

stuck - presos (as)

bankrupt - falidos (as)

peers - pares; colegas

landowners - proprietários (as)

prone - propensos (as)

bias - julgamento ou opinião parcial

Mark the sentence below that cannot answer the following question correctly. “ Which prejudice do you have?” (17) (18).

Most common prejudices

What are some of the most common ways people discriminate against each other? Some of the areas where people show their intolerance are well- known, such as race. But others (01) are less acknowledged${}^1$, even if more common:

Age: Ageism (02) is more common than you think. Older people are thought to be inflexible and stuck${}^2$ in the past, while younger people are seen as inexperienced and naive. (03) One-fifth of working adults say they experience ageism in the workplace (04) (05).

Class: Classism usually takes the form of discrimination by wealthier people against those who are less well off. However, classism goes both ways - people of lower economic status can see the wealthy as elite snobs who, while monetarily secure, are morally bankrupt${}^3$.

Color: Different from racism, colorism is discrimination based only on the color of a person’s skin; how relatively dark or light they are. Colorism takes place within and between races. It is common in multi-ethnic and non-white societies and societies with historical racial prejudice.

Ability: (06)Usually called ableism, a less well-known form of prejudice (07) is discrimination against people with visible disabilities such as (08) those in wheelchairs or with a learning disability (09). The disabled face discrimination not only from their peers${}^4$, but from institutions, schools, employers, and landowners${}^5$ who are hesitant to accommodate the disabled.

Sex/Gender: Possibly the most universal and long running prejudice is that based on a person’s gender or sex. Historically, sexism has placed men in a more advantageous position than women.

Weight/Size: In short, sizeism is discrimination based on (10) a person’s body size or weight(11). Sizeism works with social standards of beauty and usually takes the form of discrimination against the overweight — anti-fat prejudice.

Religion: Religious discrimination and persecution(12) has been common throughout history. But (13) prejudice based on religious affiliation (14) doesn’t end with organized religion; (15) atheists are prone${}^6$ to discrimination and being discriminated (16) against.

Sexual orientation: Most commonly, prejudice based on sexual orientation includes discrimination against those of a non-heterosexual orientation. Discrimination against the non-heterosexual takes many forms depending on the society. In some societies prejudice is open and tolerated, but in most Western societies, bias${}^7$ against the non-heterosexual is more discreet.

Country of origin: Nativism is a common form of discrimination against immigrants to a country. Unlike many other forms of discrimination, nativism is many times encouraged and enforced by some public entities.

(17)Which prejudice do you have" (18) Which prejudice have you experienced"

(Adapted from https://aloftyexistence.wordpress.com)

Glossary

acknowledged - reconhecidos (as)

stuck - presos (as)

bankrupt - falidos (as)

peers - pares; colegas

landowners - proprietários (as)

prone - propensos (as)

bias - julgamento ou opinião parcial

Mark the correct question for the sentence “prejudice based on religious affiliation” (13) (14).