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Fatal Superbugs: Antibiotics Losing Effectiveness, WHO says.
The World Health Organization’s new report on the growing global threat adds to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report last year showing that two million people in the United States are infected annually with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and 23,000 of them die each year as a result. To understand the dangers posed by superbugs, National Geographic spoke with Stuart Levy, chair of the board of the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston.
What exactly are superbugs?
They are bacteria resistant to one or more antibiotics, and they make it difficult to treat or cure infections that once were easily treated. The antibiotic has lost its ability to control or kill bacterial growth. The bacteria can grow even in a sea of antibiotics because the antibiotic doesn’t touch them.
How are the bacteria able to circumvent the power of antibiotics?
The bacteria have acquired the ability to destroy the antibiotic in order to protect themselves. They’ve developed a gene for resistance to, say, penicillin, and that gene protects them. A genetic mutation might enable a bacteria to produce enzymes that inactivate antibiotics. Or [a mutation] might eliminate the target that the antibiotic is supposed to attack. A bacteria may have developed resistance to five or six antibiotics, so in treatment, you don’t know which one to choose. And the bacteria accumulate resistance by developing new genes. Genetics is working against us, almost like a science-fiction story.
Why are these superbugs spreading and the threat growing?
We’re continuing to use antibiotics in a bad way. They’re supposed to be used to combat bacteria, not viruses. The common cold is a virus. Any time you use an antibiotic when it’s not needed, you’re pushing antibiotic resistance ahead. People are misusing them in their homes. They may have a stockpile they’ve saved, and think taking [an antibiotic] will help them with a cold. They’re not helping their cold, and they’re propagating resistance.
(Adaptado de: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140501-superbugs-antibiotics-resistance-disease-medicine/. Acesso em: 1 maio 2014.)
Em relação ao texto, considere as afirmativas a seguir.
I. As superbactérias causam a morte de milhares de pessoas nos EUA todo ano.
II. A disseminação de superbactérias é uma ameaça grave e crescente no mundo todo.
III. A Organização Mundial de Saúde alerta que superbactérias são resistentes a todos os antibióticos.
IV. O perigo da contaminação pelas superbactérias é maior para a população norte-americana.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.
See someone yawn on the subway, and you know there’s a pretty high probability that you’re going to be yawning. But new research says that there’s another contagion out there that you can catch just through simple observation: Stress. A study from the Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and the Technische Universität Dresden found that even being around a stressed person, be it a loved one or a stranger, has the power to make someone stressed in a physically quantifiable way. “The fact that we could actually measure this empathic stress in the form of a significant hormone release was astonishing”, said Veronika Engert, one of the study’s authors. During the study, test subjects paired with loved ones and strangers of the opposite sex and then divided into two groups. One group was given challenging arithmetic questions and interviewed in order to induce direct stress. The group of 211 observers simply watched the test and interviews through a one-way mirror and via video transmissions. As expected, 95% of the people placed under direct stress showed signs of, well, stress. But 26% of observers had an increase in cortisol as well as a result of empathic stress. The impact of stress was particularly high when a subject was observing a romantic partner in a stressful situation (40%) but it applied to strangers as well (10%). When observers watched stressful events through a one-way mirror, 30% experienced a stressful response. Another 24% percent of observers were stressed when they watched the events unfold on video. Lesson learned: be careful when you’re watching Breaking Bad re-runs. “Even television programs depicting the suffering of other people can transmit that stress to viewers”, Engert said. “Stress has an enormous contagion potential”.
(Adaptado de: http://time.com/84080/stress-contagious/. Acesso em: 1 maio 2014.)
Com relação ao texto, considere as afirmativas a seguir.
I. O estresse foi medido através da liberação de hormônio no corpo.
II. O estresse é contagioso somente entre pessoas que se conhecem.
III. O hábito de assistir televisão causa estresse no espectador.
IV. Pesquisas indicam que o estresse é tão contagioso quanto o bocejo.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.
See someone yawn on the subway, and you know there’s a pretty high probability that you’re going to be yawning. But new research says that there’s another contagion out there that you can catch just through simple observation: Stress. A study from the Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and the Technische Universität Dresden found that even being around a stressed person, be it a loved one or a stranger, has the power to make someone stressed in a physically quantifiable way. “The fact that we could actually measure this empathic stress in the form of a significant hormone release was astonishing”, said Veronika Engert, one of the study’s authors. During the study, test subjects paired with loved ones and strangers of the opposite sex and then divided into two groups. One group was given challenging arithmetic questions and interviewed in order to induce direct stress. The group of 211 observers simply watched the test and interviews through a one-way mirror and via video transmissions. As expected, 95% of the people placed under direct stress showed signs of, well, stress. But 26% of observers had an increase in cortisol as well as a result of empathic stress. The impact of stress was particularly high when a subject was observing a romantic partner in a stressful situation (40%) but it applied to strangers as well (10%). When observers watched stressful events through a one-way mirror, 30% experienced a stressful response. Another 24% percent of observers were stressed when they watched the events unfold on video. Lesson learned: be careful when you’re watching Breaking Bad re-runs. “Even television programs depicting the suffering of other people can transmit that stress to viewers”, Engert said. “Stress has an enormous contagion potential”.
(Adaptado de: http://time.com/84080/stress-contagious/. Acesso em: 1 maio 2014.)
Com relação aos resultados da pesquisa, considere as afirmativas a seguir.
I. O estresse detectado foi maior nos observadores que assistiram pelo vídeo do que pelo espelho.
II. O estresse empático foi detectado através da elevação nos níveis de cortisol dos observadores.
III. Observadores com envolvimento amoroso exibiram um índice de estresse quatro vezes maior que com estranhos.
IV. 10% dos observadores sofreram estresse empático ao observarem as entrevistas de estranhos.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.
See someone yawn on the subway, and you know there’s a pretty high probability that you’re going to be yawning. But new research says that there’s another contagion out there that you can catch just through simple observation: Stress. A study from the Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and the Technische Universität Dresden found that even being around a stressed person, be it a loved one or a stranger, has the power to make someone stressed in a physically quantifiable way. “The fact that we could actually measure this empathic stress in the form of a significant hormone release was astonishing”, said Veronika Engert, one of the study’s authors. During the study, test subjects paired with loved ones and strangers of the opposite sex and then divided into two groups. One group was given challenging arithmetic questions and interviewed in order to induce direct stress. The group of 211 observers simply watched the test and interviews through a one-way mirror and via video transmissions. As expected, 95% of the people placed under direct stress showed signs of, well, stress. But 26% of observers had an increase in cortisol as well as a result of empathic stress. The impact of stress was particularly high when a subject was observing a romantic partner in a stressful situation (40%) but it applied to strangers as well (10%). When observers watched stressful events through a one-way mirror, 30% experienced a stressful response. Another 24% percent of observers were stressed when they watched the events unfold on video. Lesson learned: be careful when you’re watching Breaking Bad re-runs. “Even television programs depicting the suffering of other people can transmit that stress to viewers”, Engert said. “Stress has an enormous contagion potential”.
(Adaptado de: http://time.com/84080/stress-contagious/. Acesso em: 1 maio 2014.)
Em relação à metodologia aplicada no estudo, assinale a alternativa correta.
Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.
Fatal Superbugs: Antibiotics Losing Effectiveness, WHO says.
The World Health Organization’s new report on the growing global threat adds to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report last year showing that two million people in the United States are infected annually with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and 23,000 of them die each year as a result. To understand the dangers posed by superbugs, National Geographic spoke with Stuart Levy, chair of the board of the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston.
What exactly are superbugs?
They are bacteria resistant to one or more antibiotics, and they make it difficult to treat or cure infections that once were easily treated. The antibiotic has lost its ability to control or kill bacterial growth. The bacteria can grow even in a sea of antibiotics because the antibiotic doesn’t touch them.
How are the bacteria able to circumvent the power of antibiotics?
The bacteria have acquired the ability to destroy the antibiotic in order to protect themselves. They’ve developed a gene for resistance to, say, penicillin, and that gene protects them. A genetic mutation might enable a bacteria to produce enzymes that inactivate antibiotics. Or [a mutation] might eliminate the target that the antibiotic is supposed to attack. A bacteria may have developed resistance to five or six antibiotics, so in treatment, you don’t know which one to choose. And the bacteria accumulate resistance by developing new genes. Genetics is working against us, almost like a science-fiction story.
Why are these superbugs spreading and the threat growing?
We’re continuing to use antibiotics in a bad way. They’re supposed to be used to combat bacteria, not viruses. The common cold is a virus. Any time you use an antibiotic when it’s not needed, you’re pushing antibiotic resistance ahead. People are misusing them in their homes. They may have a stockpile they’ve saved, and think taking [an antibiotic] will help them with a cold. They’re not helping their cold, and they’re propagating resistance.
(Adaptado de: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140501-superbugs-antibiotics-resistance-disease-medicine/. Acesso em: 1 maio 2014.)
No título do texto, a palavra WHO
Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.
Fatal Superbugs: Antibiotics Losing Effectiveness, WHO says.
The World Health Organization’s new report on the growing global threat adds to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report last year showing that two million people in the United States are infected annually with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and 23,000 of them die each year as a result. To understand the dangers posed by superbugs, National Geographic spoke with Stuart Levy, chair of the board of the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston.
What exactly are superbugs?
They are bacteria resistant to one or more antibiotics, and they make it difficult to treat or cure infections that once were easily treated. The antibiotic has lost its ability to control or kill bacterial growth. The bacteria can grow even in a sea of antibiotics because the antibiotic doesn’t touch them.
How are the bacteria able to circumvent the power of antibiotics?
The bacteria have acquired the ability to destroy the antibiotic in order to protect themselves. They’ve developed a gene for resistance to, say, penicillin, and that gene protects them. A genetic mutation might enable a bacteria to produce enzymes that inactivate antibiotics. Or [a mutation] might eliminate the target that the antibiotic is supposed to attack. A bacteria may have developed resistance to five or six antibiotics, so in treatment, you don’t know which one to choose. And the bacteria accumulate resistance by developing new genes. Genetics is working against us, almost like a science-fiction story.
Why are these superbugs spreading and the threat growing?
We’re continuing to use antibiotics in a bad way. They’re supposed to be used to combat bacteria, not viruses. The common cold is a virus. Any time you use an antibiotic when it’s not needed, you’re pushing antibiotic resistance ahead. People are misusing them in their homes. They may have a stockpile they’ve saved, and think taking [an antibiotic] will help them with a cold. They’re not helping their cold, and they’re propagating resistance.
(Adaptado de: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140501-superbugs-antibiotics-resistance-disease-medicine/. Acesso em: 1 maio 2014.)
Assinale a alternativa que substitui, corretamente, a sentença “you’re pushing antibiotic resistance ahead”, sem alteração de sentido.