Based on the text below, answer question
How New Words Are Created
Below we can find the description of five different processes that have led to the creation of new words in the English language.
(I)
Many of the new words added to the ever-growing lexicon of the English language are Just created out of the blue, and often have little or no etymological pedigree. A good example is the word dog, etymologically unrelated to any other known word, which, in the late Middle Ages, suddenly and mysteriously displaced the Old English word hound (or hund) which had served for centuries.
(II)
Some words arise simply as shortened forms of longer words (exam, gym, lab, bus, vet, phone and burger are some obvious and well- used examples). Perhaps less obvious is the derivation of words like goodbye (a shortening of God-be-with-you) and hello (a shortened form of the Old English for “whole be thou”).
(III)
Like many languages, English allows the formation of words by joining together shorter words (e.g. airport, seashore, fireplace, etc.). The concatenation of words in English may even allow for different meanings depending on the order of combination (e.g. houseboat/boathouse, casebook/bookcase, etc).
(IV)
The drift of word meanings over time often arises, often but not always due to catachresis. By some estimates, over half of all words adopted into English from Latin have changed their meaning in some way over time, often drastically. For example, smart originally meant sharp, cutting or painful; A more modern example is the changing meaning of gay from merry to homosexual (and, in some circles in more recent vears, to stupid or bad).
(V)
New words may arise due to mishearings or misrenderings. According to the “Oxford English Dictionary”, there are at least 350 words in English dictionaries (most of them thankfully quite obscure) that owe their existence purely to typos or other misrenderings (e.g. shamefaced from the original shamefast, penthouse from pentice, sweetheart from sweetard, buttonhole from button-hold, etc).
(Adapted from http://www. thehistoryofenglish.com/issues new.html)
The following headings have been removed from the text and replaced by (I), (II), (III), (IV) and (V).
Choose the alternative which presents them in the correct order.
1 - Change in the Meaning of Existing Words
2 - Creation from Scratch
3 - Fusion or Compounding Existing Words
4 - Truncation or Clipping
5 - Errors
PART 1: READING COMPREHENSION
Based on the text below, answer question.
The War at Home: The Struggle for Veterans to Find Jobs
In today's tough and competitive Job market, it can be challenging for any adult to land a decent job. Though education can definitely improve outcomes, sometimes it's not just about the degree. Experience can also play a major role in helping people find jobs. Yein some cases, if you do not have the right kind of experience, this may be of little help. Just ask one of the many college-educated military veterans who serve their country only to return to find a Job market that will treat them as rookies.
Army veteran John Lee Dumas said he had zero anxieties about finding a job after graduating college and had been told that his military experience would give him a leg up on other candidates. But things did not turn out that way.
“I quickly found out that I was lumped together with recent college grads for entry-level positions, and that an employee that had two vears' experience at a job in a similar industry was considered way more qualified than I was despite my four years as an officer in the army”, Dumas said.
When Dumas did find work, he said it was difficult to acclimate to the civilian office environment.
“I often found that my peers and above had a hard time dealing with my direct approach and attitude about tackling problems head on, often asking for forgiveness rather than permission”, he said.
One issue is that veterans are too modest when it comes to stating their accomplishments in the military.
“For some reason, Iíve had veterans not tell me about their awards and honors, but it should all be listed - from commander s coins to medals of honor,” Hurwitz said.
Navy veteran Tom Graves, who has a career in world force development helping companies understand the benefits of hiring skilled and experienced military veterans, agreed.
(Adapted from http://www. onlinecollege.org)
Considering the text, which word can replace “despite” in this extract: “[...] despite my four vears of experience [...]”?
PART 1: READING COMPREHENSION
Based on the text below, answer question.
The War at Home: The Struggle for Veterans to Find Jobs
In today's tough and competitive Job market, it can be challenging for any adult to land a decent job. Though education can definitely improve outcomes, sometimes it's not just about the degree. Experience can also play a major role in helping people find jobs. Yein some cases, if you do not have the right kind of experience, this may be of little help. Just ask one of the many college-educated military veterans who serve their country only to return to find a Job market that will treat them as rookies.
Army veteran John Lee Dumas said he had zero anxieties about finding a job after graduating college and had been told that his military experience would give him a leg up on other candidates. But things did not turn out that way.
“I quickly found out that I was lumped together with recent college grads for entry-level positions, and that an employee that had two vears' experience at a job in a similar industry was considered way more qualified than I was despite my four years as an officer in the army”, Dumas said.
When Dumas did find work, he said it was difficult to acclimate to the civilian office environment.
“I often found that my peers and above had a hard time dealing with my direct approach and attitude about tackling problems head on, often asking for forgiveness rather than permission”, he said.
One issue is that veterans are too modest when it comes to stating their accomplishments in the military.
“For some reason, Iíve had veterans not tell me about their awards and honors, but it should all be listed - from commander s coins to medals of honor,” Hurwitz said.
Navy veteran Tom Graves, who has a career in world force development helping companies understand the benefits of hiring skilled and experienced military veterans, agreed.
(Adapted from http://www. onlinecollege.org)
According to the text, which alternative is correct?
PART 1: READING COMPREHENSION
Based on the text below, answer question.
The War at Home: The Struggle for Veterans to Find Jobs
In today's tough and competitive Job market, it can be challenging for any adult to land a decent job. Though education can definitely improve outcomes, sometimes it's not just about the degree. Experience can also play a major role in helping people find jobs. Yein some cases, if you do not have the right kind of experience, this may be of little help. Just ask one of the many college-educated military veterans who serve their country only to return to find a Job market that will treat them as rookies.
Army veteran John Lee Dumas said he had zero anxieties about finding a job after graduating college and had been told that his military experience would give him a leg up on other candidates. But things did not turn out that way.
“I quickly found out that I was lumped together with recent college grads for entry-level positions, and that an employee that had two vears' experience at a job in a similar industry was considered way more qualified than I was despite my four years as an officer in the army”, Dumas said.
When Dumas did find work, he said it was difficult to acclimate to the civilian office environment.
“I often found that my peers and above had a hard time dealing with my direct approach and attitude about tackling problems head on, often asking for forgiveness rather than permission”, he said.
One issue is that veterans are too modest when it comes to stating their accomplishments in the military.
“For some reason, Iíve had veterans not tell me about their awards and honors, but it should all be listed - from commander s coins to medals of honor,” Hurwitz said.
Navy veteran Tom Graves, who has a career in world force development helping companies understand the benefits of hiring skilled and experienced military veterans, agreed.
(Adapted from http://www. onlinecollege.org)
Considering the text, what does the word “skilled” mean in this extract?
"[...] the benefits of hiring skilled and experienced military veterans [...].”
Based on the text below, answer question
How to Exercise While Sitting At Your Computer
Is your work stressing you out? Is your work making you fat? Of course, it is. If you are in a relationship with vour work like me (I hate the word “workaholic”), then maybe you are also dealing with some relationship issues like stress and weight gain. Every person who has a desk job does not need to indulge in a fub of ice-cream after a particularly stressful day at work to gain the pounds. In fact, the downside of being a way too dedicated emplovee is that it will make you fat! The stress to perform plus the inactivity of a desk job will definitely increase your waist size. What's more, vou will become lethargic once four hours of inactivity can seriously send vyour metabolism levels to an all-time low. If you think that a 30 minute walk every day is enough cardio activity in a week to maintain your metabolism, you are wrong! Yes, I was surprised too! The mathematics of this is that when you perform any cardio activity, it elevates your metabolism rate for a span of time, but not the entire day. Because the rest of the day you are sitting idle on your chair without much activity, the 30 minute walk is not enough, nor is the 1-hour intense workout. What you need to do to keep vourself from pilling on the pounds is to keep your metabolism rate high all day long. For that, you need to break the no physical activity routine from 9 to 5 by exercising while sitting at your desk!
Here are simple exercises that take 5 minutes of your day and prevent you from feeling stiff.
A) Neck: To stretch vour neck, slowly flex your head forward and backward, side to side and look right and left. This can be done almost any time to lessen tension and strain. Never roll vyour head around your neck--this could cause damage to the Joints of the neck.
B) Shoulders: Roll your shoulders forward around 10 times, then backward. This helps release the tension off your shoulders.
C) Wrists: Roll vour wrists regularly, around every hour or so. Roll the wrists 10 times clockwise, then 10 times counterclockwise. This will help minimize the potential for getting carpal tunnel syndrome if you spend a lot of time typing.
D) Ankles: Roli your ankles regularly. As with your wrists, roll the ankles in a clockwise motion three times, then counterclockwise. This helps improve blood circulation, and prevents that tingling feeling you can get when blood circulation is cut off, also known as "pins and needles".
(Adapted from http://www.buzzle.com and http://www.wikihow. com)
According to the text, which alternative is correct?
Based on the text below, answer question
How to Exercise While Sitting At Your Computer
Is your work stressing you out? Is your work making you fat? Of course, it is. If you are in a relationship with vour work like me (I hate the word “workaholic”), then maybe you are also dealing with some relationship issues like stress and weight gain. Every person who has a desk job does not need to indulge in a fub of ice-cream after a particularly stressful day at work to gain the pounds. In fact, the downside of being a way too dedicated emplovee is that it will make you fat! The stress to perform plus the inactivity of a desk job will definitely increase your waist size. What's more, vou will become lethargic once four hours of inactivity can seriously send vyour metabolism levels to an all-time low. If you think that a 30 minute walk every day is enough cardio activity in a week to maintain your metabolism, you are wrong! Yes, I was surprised too! The mathematics of this is that when you perform any cardio activity, it elevates your metabolism rate for a span of time, but not the entire day. Because the rest of the day you are sitting idle on your chair without much activity, the 30 minute walk is not enough, nor is the 1-hour intense workout. What you need to do to keep vourself from pilling on the pounds is to keep your metabolism rate high all day long. For that, you need to break the no physical activity routine from 9 to 5 by exercising while sitting at your desk!
Here are simple exercises that take 5 minutes of your day and prevent you from feeling stiff.
A) Neck: To stretch vour neck, slowly flex your head forward and backward, side to side and look right and left. This can be done almost any time to lessen tension and strain. Never roll vyour head around your neck--this could cause damage to the Joints of the neck.
B) Shoulders: Roll your shoulders forward around 10 times, then backward. This helps release the tension off your shoulders.
C) Wrists: Roll vour wrists regularly, around every hour or so. Roll the wrists 10 times clockwise, then 10 times counterclockwise. This will help minimize the potential for getting carpal tunnel syndrome if you spend a lot of time typing.
D) Ankles: Roli your ankles regularly. As with your wrists, roll the ankles in a clockwise motion three times, then counterclockwise. This helps improve blood circulation, and prevents that tingling feeling you can get when blood circulation is cut off, also known as "pins and needles".
(Adapted from http://www.buzzle.com and http://www.wikihow. com)
According to the text, which alternative is correct?