Questões de Inglês - Reading/Writing - Summary
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Agroforestry is the interaction of agriculture and trees, including the agricultural use of trees. This comprises trees on farms and in agricultural landscapes, farming in forests and along forest margins and tree-crop production, including cocoa, coffee, rubber and oil palm. Interactions between trees and other components of agriculture may be important at a range of scales: in fields (where trees and crops are grown together), on farms (where trees may provide fodder for livestock, fuel, food, shelter or income from products including timber) and landscapes (where agricultural and forest land uses combine in determining the provision of ecosystem services).
Agroforestry is agricultural and forestry systems that try to balance various needs:
1) to produce trees for timber and other commercial purposes;
2) to produce a diverse, adequate supply of nutritious foods both to meet global demand and to satisfy the needs of the producers themselves; and
3) to ensure the protection of the natural environment so that it continues to provide resources and environmental services to meet the needs of the present generations and those to come.
https://tinyurl.com/pnv4wjx8%20Acesso%20em:%2004.03.2023.
De acordo com o texto, o equilíbrio pretendido entre agricultura e floresta, no sistema chamado de Agroforestry, prevê
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The Amazon rainforest is now emitting more carbon dioxide than it is able to absorb, scientists have confirmed for the first time. The emissions amount to a billion tonnes of carbon dioxide a year, according to a study. The giant forest had previously been a carbon sink, absorbing the emissions driving the climate crisis, but is now causing its acceleration, researchers said.
Most of the emissions are caused by fires, many deliberately set to clear land for beef and soy production. But even without fires, hotter temperatures and droughts mean the south-eastern Amazon has become a source of CO2, rather than a sink.
Growing trees and plants have taken up about a quarter of all fossil fuel emissions since 1960, with the Amazon playing a major role as the largest tropical forest. Losing the Amazon’s power to capture CO2 is a stark warning that slashing emissions from fossil fuels is more urgent than ever, scientists said.
The research used small planes to measure CO2 levels up to 4,500 m above the forest over the last decade, showing how the whole Amazon is changing. Previous studies indicating the Amazon was becoming a source of CO2 were based on satellite data, which can be hampered by cloud cover, or ground measurements of trees, which can cover only a tiny part of the vast region.
The scientists said the discovery that part of the Amazon was emitting carbon even without fires was particularly worrying. They said it was most likely the result of each year’s deforestation and fires making adjacent forests more susceptible the next year. The trees produce much of the region’s rain, so fewer trees means more severe droughts and heatwaves and more tree deaths and fires.
(Damian Carrington. www.theguardian.com, 14.07.2021. Adaptado.)
The title that best summarizes the main ideia of the text is:
TEXTO:
When Sudan, the last northern white rhino bull, died
in March 2018, that left alive only two females of
the subspecies once common in Central and East
Africa.Both are descendants of Sudan and live in Kenya,
[5] and were considered infertile. But now, new hope is
emerging that extinction of the species can still be
prevented. Researchers have successfully created living
embryos in the laboratory from frozen sperm of the
northern white rhinoceros and egg cells from the southern
[10] white rhinoceros. It’s the most closely related
subspecies, with more than 20,000 southern rhinos living
in the wild.
Although such hybrid embryos are not pure northern
white rhinoceros, the researchers are optimistic. They
[15] plan to take egg cells from the still living northern
rhinoceros females in autumn of this year, and to fertilize
them with stored sperm from the same species.They
then intend to implant the oocytes into fertile southern
rhinoceros females in early 2019. This method is also
[20] used in human reproductive medicine.
Even if healthy rhinoceros calves can be
produced, whether the northern white rhino can be saved
in the long term remains unclear. As the sperm comes
from a few rhinoceros bulls, limited genetic diversity could
[25] endanger the health of a newly bred northern white rhino
population. Due to the smaller gene pool, such inbreeding
typically leads to higher rates of recessive disorders,
translating into higher death rates and poorer overall
health.
[30] Still, the research unit is hoping that stem cell
technology can create more eggs and sperm from the
skin cells of 12 northern whites, increasing the supply
and genetic variety. If the scientists pull it off, they’ll
both rescue a seemingly doomed animal and provide a
[35] blueprint for protecting other animals teetering on the
edge of oblivion.
WHEN SUDAN...Disponível em: https://www.dw.com/en/researcherscreate-hybrid-northern-white-rhino-embryos/a-44527410. Acesso em: 1 nov. 2018. Adaptado.
The central idea of this text is summarized in:
INSTRUÇÃO: Responder à questão com base no texto.
TEXT
Rip Van Winkle is a classic American short story written by Washington Irving based on local history _____ with influences from European folklore. It tells the story of a man who lived near the Catskill Mountains in New York before the Revolutionary War and fell asleep for twenty years. Everything he knew _____ in the town was gone. _____, he learned that he had to navigate this new world as a free citizen of the United States.
Adapted from: http://www.supersummary.com/rip-van-winkle/summary/ and https://www.bookreports.info/rip-van-winkle-summary/
The alternative that brings words that fill in the blanks in text, respectively, is
Tomato purée is a thick, red paste or concentrate made from crushed tomato pulp that has been cooked and reduced. Itis widely produced and used in Mediterranean countries, where itis added to dishes to give them a bright colour and a pronounced tomato flavour.
O assunto abordado no texto passa pela definição de extrato de tomate para chegar na
Doctors and nurses forced to pick cotton
By Ibrat Safo and William Kremer
BBC World Service
After some international clothing firms such as H&M, Adidas and Marks and Spencer boycotted cotton from Uzbekistan in protest at the use of child labour, this year most Uzbek children are able to get on with their schoolwork. But office workers, nurses and even surgeons are being forced into the fields instead.
Malvina, a nurse at a clinic in Tashkent, is angry.
"I am almost 50 years old and I've got asthma. We had to pick a lot of cotton, all by hand - and we were not paid anything!"
She has just returned from a 15-day stint picking cotton with other health professionals in rural Uzbekistan. It was hard toil and no-one was spared, whatever their seniority.
"Some people phoned our surgeon, who was with us in the fields”.
"They would say things like: 'You operated on me a week ago. I've got a temperature - what shall I do?'"
Uzbekistan is one of the world's main producers of cotton and the crop is a mainstay of its economy. The government controls production and enforces Soviet-style quotas to get the harvest off the fields as quickly as possible.
A history of using child and forced labour at harvest time has led to a number of retailers - including H&M, Marks and Spencer and Tesco - to pledge to source their cotton from elsewhere.
In response, earlier this year Uzbekistan's Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyayev issued a decree banning children from working in the cotton fields. Yet many adults, including teachers, cleaners and office workers, are still forced to return to the land during October and November.
This year, like last year, medical staff have been ordered to join them. There are reports of patients in towns being turned away because their doctor is "in cotton".
The BBC is not allowed to report from Uzbekistan, but Malvina - not her real name - told us that since last year, Tashkent's authorities have required every district to contribute 330 medical staff.
There followed a bad-tempered meeting at her clinic to decide who would do the work. Unfortunately for Malvina, it became clear that having asthma wasn't enough to get out of the chore.
"It seemed that everybody had something - back pain or high blood pressure or whatever. And when the head doctor heard this list of illnesses she said: 'Stop it! I don't want to hear any more. Everybody is
going apart from pregnant women and those nursing babies.'"
Anyone who refused to go would be dismissed, she said.
Malvina says that the workers were woken up at 04:00 in the morning and had to walk for more than an hour before starting work. They finished around 18:00 in the evening.
"We had to pick 60kg of cotton each. If we didn't hit that target, then we had to buy the rest from locals,"
she says.
Malvina and her colleagues from the clinic were supposed to be put up in a school, but there wasn't
enough space. In the end they rented their own accommodation. To wash they had to pay another fee to
use a local bathhouse.
For many Uzbeks, the cotton season presents an unpredictable burden. A college lecturer from
Samarqand region, who did not wish to reveal his name, told us he was too ill to pick cotton this year.
"I had to find a labourer and pay him $100 to pick cotton for me," he says. "Then the college principal
withheld my monthly salary, saying it was going to be used to feed and house the labourers - so I lost
another $200."
But he is happy that schoolchildren are being spared this year and can carry on with their education.
The decree banning child labour does appear to have had some effect. Yelena Urlayeva, an activist who
travels across the country every year to document abuses, has noted a few incidents where children
have been drafted in to make up a shortfall.
The Uzbek authorities have so far refused to discuss cotton-picking with the BBC, but a website close to
the government recently denied the presence of any children among this year's cotton-pickers.
Under the terms of the decree, a "child" is anyone under the school-leaving age of 15. Students over this
age are still bussed out to help with the harvest, and all colleges and universities have closed their doors
as usual. For Urlayeva, these pickers are also too young.
"They are still children, and some of them get sick because the conditions are so harsh. It gets very cold
and the food is just not good enough." She says that parents who try to remove sick children from the
harvest are threatened with their expulsion from college.
One of the organisers of the boycott, the pressure group Responsible Sourcing Network, says the Uzbek
government has not yet done enough.
"What we were asking for in order to lift the boycott was for the Uzbek government to invite an ILO
[International Labour Organization] mission, to monitor the situation in the field," says Cotton Programme
Manager Valentina Gurney. "Despite our insistence, this has not happened."
Forced labour is found in a number of countries around the world, but it is only in Uzbekistan that it is
orchestrated by the government, Gurney says.
Vestibular UNITAU 2013 24
According to the International Cotton Advisory Committee, Uzbekistan accounts for about 4% of world
cotton production, and 10% of world cotton exports. At the same time cotton accounts for about 45% of
Uzbekistan's total exports.
For decades "white gold" has been important culturally too.
Uzbeks are encouraged from a young age to look forward to the time of year known simply as "pahta" -
cotton. The harvest is an opportunity for them to contribute to their nation's prosperity.
For Malvina, there is the certainty of further cotton-picking "opportunities" in the future. Her workplace
has signed an agreement with the farm for the next five years.
Malvina spoke to Outlook on the BBC World Service. Listen back to the interview via iPlayer or browse
the Outlook podcast archive.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19931639
Tick the correct alternative, according to comment below, summarized from the text above:
The cotton season presents an unpredictable burden for many Uzbeks. As an example features a college lecturer from Samarqand region, who was too ill to pick cotton this year. He had to find and pay a labourer to pick cotton for him. Then the college principal withheld his monthly salary, saying it was going to be used to feed and house the labourers. That made him lose, in total:
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