Questões de Inglês - Reading/Writing -
Sobre a tirinha, pode-se concluir que o homem
The Psychological Comforts of Storytelling
Why, throughout human history, have people been so drawn to fiction?
By Cody C. Delistraty
The oldest story in the world is “The Epic of Gilgamesh”, and it has all the trappings of a modern story: a protagonist who goes on an arduous journey, a romance with a seductive woman, a redemptive arc, and a full cast of supporting characters. Humans have been telling stories for thousands of years, sharing them orally even before the invention of writing. In one way or another, much of people’s lives are spent telling stories, which can be a way for humans to feel that we have control over the world. They allow people to see patterns where there is chaos, meaning where there is randomness. Humans are inclined to see narratives where there are none because it can afford meaning to our lives—a form of existential problem-solving.
In a 1944 study conducted at Smith College, 34 students were shown a short film in which two triangles and a circle moved across the screen and a rectangle remained stationary on one side of the screen. When asked what they saw, 33 of the 34 students anthropomorphized the shapes and created a narrative: The circle was “worried,” the “little triangle” was an “innocent young thing,” the big triangle was “blinded by rage and frustration.” Only one student recorded that all he saw were geometric shapes on a screen.
But why start telling stories in the first place? One theory is that storytelling could be an evolutionary mechanism that helped keep our ancestors alive. The theory is that if I tell you a story about how to survive, you’ll be more likely to actually survive than if I just give you facts. For instance, if I were to say, “There’s an animal near that tree, so don’t go over there,” it would not be as effective as if I were to tell you, “My cousin was eaten by a malicious, scary creature that lurks around that tree, so don’t go over there.” A narrative works off of both data and emotions, which is significantly more effective in engaging a listener than data alone.
The value humans place on narrative is made clear in the high esteem given to storytellers. Authors, actors, directors—people who spin narratives for a living are some of the most famous people in the world. Stories are a form of escapism, but there seems to be something more at play. Perhaps the real reason that we tell stories again and again—and endlessly praise our greatest storytellers—is because humans want to be a part of a shared history.
Adapted from: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/11/thepsychological-comforts-of-storytelling/381964/. Access in: 17 June 2022.
According to the text, why are storytellers (authors, actors, directors) valued so highly and have so much fame?
Read the text below and answer question.
Will we ever grow replacement hands?
Over the past few weeks on the BBC News website we have looked at the potential for bionic body parts and artificial organs to repair the human body. Now we take a look at "growing-your-own".
There is a pressing need. A shortage of available organs means many die on waiting lists and those that get an organ must spend a lifetime on immunosuppressant drugs to avoid rejection.
The idea is that using a patient's own stem cells to grow new body parts avoids the whole issue of rejection as well as waiting for a donor.
Dr Anthony Atala, director of the Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in North Carolina, US, has made breakthroughs in building bladders and urethras.
• Flat structures, such as the skin, are the simplest to engineer as they are generally made up of just the one type of cell.
• Tubes, such as blood vessels and urethras, which have two types of cells and act as a conduit.
• Hollow non-tubular organs like the bladder and the stomach, which have more complex structures and functions.
• Solid organs, such as the kidney, heart and liver, are the most complex to engineer. They are exponentially more complex, have many different cell types, and more challenges in the blood supply.
"We've been able to implant the first three in humans. We don't have any examples yet of solid organs in humans because its much more complex," Dr Atala told the BBC.
Adapted from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-16679010 June 2012.
Mark the CORRECT alternative according to the text:
The mountainous region of Sa Pa in northern
Vietnam is an invaluable storehouse of medicinal
plants — many of which have been used for centuries
by the local population. Sa Pa Essentials was
[5] established to protect these species from the increasing
threat of over-harvesting while at the same time boosting
incomes and improving lives within the community.
Having identified active ingredients through
traditional knowledge as well as scientific testing, Sa
[10] Pa Essentials encourages sustainable cultivation of
medicinal species. It then extracts, processes and
markets essential oils from the plants, ensuring at every
stage that the communities’ intellectual property rights
are respected.
[15] Do Thi Thu Ha, Director of Sa Pa Essentials, said
that products processed from herbs are brand new ones
which have never existed in the market before. The
company’s herbal products are available in New Zealand,
Japan and the Republic of Korea, not in Vietnam. The
[20] price for an essential oil vial is around $8 abroad.
However, Ha said that these products will soon be sold
in Hanoi and in Sa Pa town.
SA PA initiative enters world. Challenge Awards finals. Disponível em:<http://english.vietnamnet.vn/tech/2007/11/754730/>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2010.
Fill in the parentheses with T (True) or F (False).
Among some of the advantages of the Sa Pa Essentials, it’s stated in the text that it
( ) combines traditional knowledge with scientific procedures.
( ) prevents the medicinal plants from being collected exhaustively.
( ) helps the local population lead a better life.
( ) exports young plants of their medicinal species to many parts of the world.
According to the text, the correct sequence, from top to bottom, is
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