Questões de Inglês - Reading/Writing - Editorial article

 

Text 17

 

'The extra shift': The unpaid emotional labour expected of women at work

Even at workplaces with gender parity, many women still end up doing emotional heavy lifting (Credit: Getty Images)

 

(1) In workplaces across the world, there's labour happening that's not listed in any job description – and women are performing most of it.

 

(2) Emotional labour is the unsung, often unseen, job of managing other people's feelings. "It's not just the work that runs economies," explain Rose Hackman, the author of a 2023 book on the subject. "It's the work that runs families and communities. Emotional labour is manipulating the heart in order to have an effect on clients, customers, passengers, patients. It's what creates a feeling of safety and connection, meaning and belonging within a company."

 

(3) It's crucial – but also taxing, and often required. Women bear the brunt. To begin, they dominate careers that demand a huge amount of emotional labour. But all workplaces require some, and especially in male-dominated offices, women are the ones doing that heavy lifting, largely without acknowledgement or recompense.

 

From an early age

 

(4) Emotional labour-intensive careers tend to be female dominated – think areas like nursing, teaching, childcare, social work and hospitality. While there's an assumption that women are "well-suited" to these jobs, Hackman says that's actually just the effect of socialisation. "All of the traits and skills and roles associated with emotional labour have always been put onto girls and women, starting from a really young age," she says. "Girls are not just taught to be painfully other-oriented; they are policed if they are not."

 

(5) It's a pervasive kind of training, agrees E Michele Ramsey, an associate professor of women's, gender and sexuality studies at Penn State Berks, US. "It rolls into the types of games we tend to be socialised into playing: little girls play dolls, teacher, nurse. Boys play much more active and less nurturing games."

 

(6) The impact is compounded by other early childhood influences, she adds. "This has gotten somewhat better, but on television or in a book you're being read as a child, who is the nurse? Who is the teacher? Who's the scientist and the firefighter? They're often very gendered, and from the very beginning that limits what kids think their options are."

 

(7) Many women are socialised into positions with the highest amount of emotional labour But traits like empathy and compassion certainly aren't innately gendered, and research has shown there is no categorical difference between the male and female brain. "There are studies across academic disciplines showing that empathy is a skill that all humans, regardless of gender, are able to perform," says Hackman. "But it's become so equated with being a girl or woman that we don't see the training; we see it as how girls and women inherently are."

 

(8) It's often the internalised basic training, says Ramsey, that leads women to choose careers that require a great deal of emotional heavy lifting.

 

(9) "It shouldn't be surprising that more women go into these nurturing roles," she says. "People who are marginalised have to be better at non-verbal communication; they have to be able to read signals better, because by virtue of being oppressed they are constantly on the lookout for not stepping on anyone's toes, making sure they don't say the wrong thing. All of those folds into practicing nurturing in all of our play, and all of our interactions. So, we shouldn't be surprised when people who identify as female go into that kind of work.

By Kate Morgan, Features correspondent 14 March 2024

Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20240313-invisible-emotional-labour-women-in-workplace. Acesso em: maio 2024. Adaptado.

In the excerpt '(...) but on television or in a book you're being read as a child, who is the nurse? Who is the teacher? Who's the scientist and the firefighter?' (6^th paragraph), the questions were asked in order to

When Your Employee Feels Angry, Sad, or Dejected

 

The right — and wrong — ways to respond by Christina Bradley, Lindy Greer and Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks

From the Magazine (July–August 2024)

 

    Dealing with the negative emotions of employees isn’t easy, but knowing what to do or say can make a huge difference to their well-being, the quality of your relationships with them, and team performance. The trouble is, many leaders fail to respond at all because they think discussing emotions at work is unprofessional or worry they don’t have the right to intervene in personal matters. That’s a mistake. Research shows that teams whose leaders acknowledge members’ emotions perform significantly better than teams whose leaders don’t.

Disponível em: https://hbr.org/2024/07/when-your-employee-feels- angry-sad-ordejected?ab=at_art_art_1x4_s04. Acesso em: 13 nov. 2024.

 

What benefit does the text suggest leaders gain by addressing employees emotions?

The dangers of preconceived judgement:
look beyond stereotypes

People often say “Don’t judge a book by its cover”, and it holds true in many aspects of life. We are all
guilty of making snap judgements about others based on their appearance, actions or even just a brief
encounter. But have you ever wondered why it’s important not to judge someone before getting to know
them? Do you ever consider that?
[5]   Imagine that you are at a party and, out of the corner of your eye, you spot a person with a unique
hairstyle and an outfit that screams “fashion forward”. Your brain, always ready for action, instantly springs
into snap judgement mode. “They must be an avant-garde artist or a fashion model”, it enthusiastically
proclaims. This is thin slice judgement! It refers to the action of making lightning-fast judgements based
on minimal information. An example is when you are at a job interview, and the person in the hot seat
[10]   glances at your handwriting before making a quick assessment of your personality. It sounds ludicrous,
but our brain has a way of magnifying minor details and turning them into grand narratives. As amusing
as it may seem, such judgements can have real-life consequences.
While snap judgements can provide an amusing story to share at parties, they can perpetuate stereotypes,
reinforce biases and limit our ability to see the true beauty in diversity. Instead of jumping to conclusions,
[15]   it’s better to lean into curiosity. Ask questions, seek out diverse perspectives and recognize that everyone
has a unique story to tell. By embracing our inquisitive nature, we can uncover the richness of human
experiences and challenge our own biases.
Empathy is the secret weapon against prejudice. To truly understand someone, you must put yourself in
their shoes and see the world through their eyes. Actually, prejudice is when we form an opinion or make
[20]   assumptions about someone without having all the facts. It’s like trying to write a book review after only
reading the first chapter. We should strive to give people a fair chance before passing judgement. Besides,
it’s essential to remember that nobody is perfect, and we should embrace diversity instead of assuming
we’re always right. Rather than acting as self-appointed judges, we should approach people with empathy
and understanding.
[25]   Practicing self-compassion and recognizing our own imperfections can help us show more compassion
towards others. Harsh judgement can stem from a variety of factors, such as insecurity, fear or simply our
own experiences and biases, but it’s okay, we’ve all been there! What’s important is to take a step back and
reflect on why we are quick to judge. And, if we always do that, it’s time to think outside the box.

PATRICK TURNER
Adaptado de appgecet.co.in.

The expression from the text that means “imagine oneself in somebody else’s situation” is:

The dangers of preconceived judgement:
look beyond stereotypes

People often say “Don’t judge a book by its cover”, and it holds true in many aspects of life. We are all
guilty of making snap judgements about others based on their appearance, actions or even just a brief
encounter. But have you ever wondered why it’s important not to judge someone before getting to know
them? Do you ever consider that?
[5]   Imagine that you are at a party and, out of the corner of your eye, you spot a person with a unique
hairstyle and an outfit that screams “fashion forward”. Your brain, always ready for action, instantly springs
into snap judgement mode. “They must be an avant-garde artist or a fashion model”, it enthusiastically
proclaims. This is thin slice judgement! It refers to the action of making lightning-fast judgements based
on minimal information. An example is when you are at a job interview, and the person in the hot seat
[10]   glances at your handwriting before making a quick assessment of your personality. It sounds ludicrous,
but our brain has a way of magnifying minor details and turning them into grand narratives. As amusing
as it may seem, such judgements can have real-life consequences.
While snap judgements can provide an amusing story to share at parties, they can perpetuate stereotypes,
reinforce biases and limit our ability to see the true beauty in diversity. Instead of jumping to conclusions,
[15]   it’s better to lean into curiosity. Ask questions, seek out diverse perspectives and recognize that everyone
has a unique story to tell. By embracing our inquisitive nature, we can uncover the richness of human
experiences and challenge our own biases.
Empathy is the secret weapon against prejudice. To truly understand someone, you must put yourself in
their shoes and see the world through their eyes. Actually, prejudice is when we form an opinion or make
[20]   assumptions about someone without having all the facts. It’s like trying to write a book review after only
reading the first chapter. We should strive to give people a fair chance before passing judgement. Besides,
it’s essential to remember that nobody is perfect, and we should embrace diversity instead of assuming
we’re always right. Rather than acting as self-appointed judges, we should approach people with empathy
and understanding.
[25]   Practicing self-compassion and recognizing our own imperfections can help us show more compassion
towards others. Harsh judgement can stem from a variety of factors, such as insecurity, fear or simply our
own experiences and biases, but it’s okay, we’ve all been there! What’s important is to take a step back and
reflect on why we are quick to judge. And, if we always do that, it’s time to think outside the box.

PATRICK TURNER
Adaptado de appgecet.co.in.

The dangers of preconceived judgement: look beyond stereotypes (título)

 

The title of the text recommends a way of behaving in relation to stereotypes. An example of such recommendation is clearly expressed in:

Texto para a questão.

 

        A FORCE FOR PEACE

                    By

      Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

  Diretora Geral of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

 

1    To abandon the many benefits that come with international trade would be foolish. There are real problems with the current trading system, but the counterfactual scenario is almost certainly worse: it is difficult to believe that international security would be better served if leading powers had no economic interest in one another’s stability and prosperity and no shared institutions in which to engage. Trade between the United States and China benefits people and businesses in both countries enormously and ties the superpowers together, both bilaterally and in international forums, providing an incentive to cooperate where possible and avoid conflict.

2    Strategic competition is a reality of the modern world. But that world will become unlivable unless there is also strategic cooperation. The WTO’s ministerial meeting last summer offered hope that the two can go together. The agreements reached there had the support of all WTO members. They worked across geopolitical and policy fault lines, each perceiving a national interest in reinforcing the world trading system.

3    In the 75 years since the world first embraced multilateral cooperation on trade, the trading system has underpinned [sustentou, apoiou] rising – if still uneven – global prosperity. It has achieved its original goal of helping governments keep markets open in turbulent times. In the face of mighty [poderosos] shocks, from the global financial crisis to the pandemic, the world did not repeat the 1930s spiral of protectionism and depression, instead allowing cross-border demand and supply to be an engine for recovery.

4    Today, the multilateral trading system is part of the solution to major global challenges, from climate change to conflict to pandemic preparedness. And a reformed WTO, fit for the twenty-first century, is needed now more than ever, with rules that underpin the stability, predictability, and openness of the global trading system. In the past 15 years we have learned that unforeseen crises surely lie [ficam, situam-se] ahead and that without the stabilizing force of trade, the world will almost certainly be less able to weather [enfrentar, resistir] them.

Adapted from Foreign Affairs, July/August 2023.

According to the information in the article,

Text 3 is part of an article entitled "The Funny Bone (also known as The Ulnar Nerve) Is No Laughter Matter", published by Neurosurgical Associates of Central Jersey. The words in box 1 were removed from the text. Fill in the blanks using each word only once.

 

Box 1

Text 3

 

What’s so funny about the funny bone? (I) __________, nothing. This is what you (II) __________ conclude if you (III) __________ hit just the right spot on your elbow. (IV) __________, a shocking, tingling pain shoots right down your elbow, into your hand.

(Source: The Funny Bone (aka The Ulnar Nerve) Is No Laughing Matter - NEURO (neurosurgerycnj.com), retrieved on April 15th, 2024)

 

Mark the alternative which coherently and cohesively completes the blanks, according to the original text.