Questões de Inglês - Reading/Writing - Declaration

Text is one of the modern versions (not the classical one) of the Hippocratic Oath, an oath of ethics historically taken by physicians and one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. Read it carefully and answer the question.

 

    THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH

 

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: 
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such 
knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow. 
[5] I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of 
overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. 
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and 
understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug. 
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are 
[10] needed for a patient's recovery. 
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. 
Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. 
But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great 
humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God. 
[15] I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness 
may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I 
am to care adequately for the sick. 
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure. 
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, 
[20] those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm. 
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection 
thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience 
the joy of healing those who seek my help. 

 

Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used 
[25] in many medical schools today.

(Source: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html - retrieved on September 24, 2021)

Choose the alternative in which the conjunction "so as to" is correctly replaced in the sentence "May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling" (line 22 Text) without changing its meaning. Changes in the sentence structure should be considered.

Text is one of the modern versions (not the classical one) of the Hippocratic Oath, an oath of ethics historically taken by physicians and one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. Read it carefully and answer the question.

 

    THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH

 

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: 
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such 
knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow. 
[5] I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of 
overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. 
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and 
understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug. 
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are 
[10] needed for a patient's recovery. 
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. 
Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. 
But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great 
humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God. 
[15] I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness 
may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I 
am to care adequately for the sick. 
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure. 
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, 
[20] those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm. 
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection 
thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience 
the joy of healing those who seek my help. 

 

Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used 
[25] in many medical schools today.

(Source: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html - retrieved on September 24, 2021)

What kind of human beings does Louis Lasagna refer to in Text when he writes: "...sound of mind and body as well as the infirm" (line 20)?

Text is one of the modern versions (not the classical one) of the Hippocratic Oath, an oath of ethics historically taken by physicians and one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. Read it carefully and answer the question.

 

    THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH

 

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: 
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such 
knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow. 
[5] I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of 
overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. 
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and 
understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug. 
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are 
[10] needed for a patient's recovery. 
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. 
Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. 
But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great 
humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God. 
[15] I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness 
may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I 
am to care adequately for the sick. 
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure. 
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, 
[20] those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm. 
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection 
thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience 
the joy of healing those who seek my help. 

 

Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used 
[25] in many medical schools today.

(Source: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html - retrieved on September 24, 2021)

Analyse the sentences below from Text and choose the CORRECT alternative.

 

1. If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. (line 21)

2. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling... (line 22)

3. ... may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help. (line 22)

 

I. In sentences 1, 2 and 3, the modal verb introduces a wish or a hope.

II. In sentence 1, the modal verb comes before the subject because it starts the second clause of a conditional sentence.

III. In sentences 2 and 3, the modal verb comes before the subject because both are indirect questions.

IV. In sentences 1, 2 and 3, the modal verb comes before the subject because that's the way it must be used to express a possibility.

Text is one of the modern versions (not the classical one) of the Hippocratic Oath, an oath of ethics historically taken by physicians and one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. Read it carefully and answer the question.

 

    THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH

 

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: 
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such 
knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow. 
[5] I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of 
overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. 
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and 
understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug. 
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are 
[10] needed for a patient's recovery. 
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. 
Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. 
But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great 
humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God. 
[15] I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness 
may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I 
am to care adequately for the sick. 
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure. 
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, 
[20] those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm. 
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection 
thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience 
the joy of healing those who seek my help. 

 

Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used 
[25] in many medical schools today.

(Source: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html - retrieved on September 24, 2021)

What meaning do the words "outweigh" (line 8) and "frailty" (line 14) respectively give to the sentences in which they are inserted?

Em 2020, Joaquin Phoenix ganhou o Oscar de melhor ator por sua interpretação no filme “Coringa”, de 2019. Apresenta-se, a seguir, um trecho de seu discurso na ocasião.

“I think whether we’re talking about gender inequality or racism or queer rights or indigenous rights or animal rights, we’re talking about the fight against injustice. We’re talking about the fight against the belief that one nation, one people, one race, one gender, or one species has the right to dominate, control, and use and exploit another with impunity. I think that we’ve become very disconnected from the natural world, and many of us, what we’re guilty of, is an egocentric worldview: the belief that we’re the center of the universe. We go into the natural world, and we plunder it for its resources. We feel entitled to artificially inseminate a cow, and when she gives birth, we steal her baby even though her cries of anguish are unmistakable. Then we take her milk that’s intended for her calf, and we put it in our coffee and our cereal”.

(Adaptado de https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/joaquin-phoenix-oscaracceptance-speech-transcript-phoenix-wins-for-joker. Acessado em 02/07/ 2021.)

 

Em seu discurso, o ator

How robot carers could be the future for lonely elderly people

 

Alessandro Di Nuovo

December 6, 2018

 

    The film Robot and Frank imagined a near-future
where robots could do almost everything humans
could. The elderly title character was given a “robot
butler” to help him continue living on his own. The
robot was capable of everything from cooking and
[5] cleaning to socializing and, it turned out, burglary. This
kind of science fiction may turn out to be remarkably
prescient. As growing numbers of elderly people
require care, researchers believe that robots could be
[10] one way to address the overwhelming demand. But
even though robots might be able to provide care and,
in some cases, social interaction, many wonder if they
really are the right solution to this uniquely human
issue.

[15]    Loneliness and social isolation are already
problems for many seniors and are even linked to
cognitive decline and a higher death rate. With the
population of seniors expected to rise, many worry
that experiences of loneliness will increase, especially
[20] if access to care is even more limited.

    But despite concerns, early studies already show
that social robots – autonomous robots trained to
interact and communicate with humans – really could
address issues of care and social interaction. The
[25] majority of robotics researchers are largely in favour
of introducing robotic technology on a wider scale
and believe it could reduce loneliness and increase
independence in elderly patients. The Japanese
government even supports introducing robots in
[30] care homes to solve the country’s ageing population
problem. However, many strongly recommend
carefully balancing the care benefits against the
ethical costs.

    A class of social robots – mobile robotic
[35] telepresence systems (MRTs) – have already been
shown to generate positive social interactions with
elderly patients. MRTs are essentially video screens
on wheels raised to head height that can be controlled
remotely using a simple smartphone app. They allow
[40] relatives and social workers to “visit” elderly people
more often, even if they live in rural or distant places.
Elderly patients don’t need to operate the device,
leaving them free to interact with their social worker
or family. Communication still happens through a
[45] computer screen, but the robot’s physical presence
mimics face-to-face interaction for elderly people.
Research has shown that people reacted more
positively when talking with someone through an MRT

    than through a regular video call or computer avatar –
[50] especially lonely people. However, MRTs still require
a human operator, which limits the amount of social
interaction seniors can have daily.

    To tackle this, developers worldwide have
started creating robot companions programmed with
[55] advanced artificial intelligence (AI), which can interact
with people on their own. Some examples include
pet-like companion robots, including Aibo and Paro,
which are made by Japanese developers, and MiRo,
which is manufactured in the UK. Other humanoid
[60] robots, such as the Care-O-bot and Pepper, are able
to provide more complex and comprehensive care.
Though “pet” robots offer limited interaction, they
have proved as effective – or even more so – than
real pets in reducing loneliness for elderly people in
[65] care homes. Robotic dogs introduced in one UK care
home this year were reported to bring happiness and
comfort to residents.

    On the other hand, humanoid robots are already
advanced enough to provide much-needed care to
[70] elderly people. These robots can pick things up and
move independently, and have a more natural, human
way of interacting, for example, using arm and hand
gestures. More advanced versions have additional
sensors and devices, including touchscreens. Many
[75] elderly people, finding the touchscreens hard to use,
preferred giving spoken commands to the robot and
reading its response off the screen. But for those with
age-related hearing loss or vision impairment, having
the option to use the touchscreen was indispensable.
[80] Humanoid robots are still being developed, so their
capabilities are still limited. Moreover, studies of
humanoid robots have mainly focused on evaluating
how well the technology functions without really
considering the social impact. There is also a general
[85] assumption that it will naturally reduce loneliness.

    Though research into social robots is just
beginning, we do know they can provide some solutions
to the challenges mounted by ageing populations, and
could even help reduce social isolation and loneliness.
[90] At this point, humans are still better in providing care
and social contact to the elderly, but robots might
be able to fill any gaps, especially as technologies
continue to improve. However, before social robots
can be fully integrated into care homes, researchers
[95] and service providers must address public anxiety
and make it clear that robots are designed to assist
social workers, not replace them. As long as humans
remain in full control to prevent any danger, robots
might well be the future of care.

Available at:https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgetsand-tech/features/robot-carer-elderly-people-lonelinessageing-population-care-homes-a8659801.html. Retrieved on: July 2, 2019. Adapted.

The main purpose of the text is to