Questões de Inglês - Vocabulary - Health
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Some of the world’s leading artificial intelligence (AI) researchers are calling for a pause on research into AI, claiming that safety issues must first be urgently addressed. If not, the outcomes could be devastating for humanity. Others say any pause in development would not only be impractical to enforce on a global scale, but could also stand in the way of advances that could both improve and save lives.
The AI that is currently available already has the power to radically alter society, in new ways that we are seeing every day. So how might it progress over the coming years? Are we on the brink of an artificial intelligence-powered utopia or dystopia?
Firstly, technology has been automating jobs since the Industrial Revolution, though never before has it happened on this scale. Everyone from truck drivers to voice over artists are at risk of being replaced by AI. A recent study found that just over 30 jobs are considered safe from automation in the near future. They range from mechanics to athletes, though they represent just a sliver of the current labour market. While new jobs will be created, there is a significant chance that the majority of the population will be left jobless. This could either lead to:
Utopia: A new leisure class emerges, living off a universal basic income funded by taxes on robots and the companies that operate them.
Dystopia: Mass unemployment results in social unrest, similar to the way laid off factory workers trashed the machines that replaced them. With so many jobs at risk and the potential for huge wealth inequality, some fear it could ultimately result in societal collapse.
Secondly, artificial intelligence is already contributing to major scientific advances, dramatically accelerating the time it takes to make discoveries. It has been used to invent millions of materials that did not previously exist, find potential drug molecules 1,000 times faster than previous methods, and improve our understanding of the universe. This could either lead to:
Utopia: Cancer and all other life-threatening diseases are cured, leading to a new age of health and prosperity. Scientists are already using AI tools to make breakthroughs in longevity medicine, which aims to end or even reverse ageing.
Dystopia: The same AI-enabled technology could be used for malevolent purposes, creating entirely new diseases and viruses. These could be used as bioweapons, capable of devastating populations that don’t have access to cures or the tech needed to develop them.
(Anthony Cuthbertson. www.independent.co.uk, 03.05.2023. Adaptado.)
In the excerpt from the seventh paragraph “which aims to end or even reverse ageing”, the underlined word refers to
Analise o infográfico para responder à questão.
No trecho “Domestic violence can have lasting effects”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a:
Across the board, suicide rates among young Americans have risen; from 2007 to 2018, suicide rates for Americans ages 10 to 24 rose by 57%, and the increase was particularly significant among young girls, contributing to a narrowing of the persistent suicide gender gap. Rates plateaued from 2018 to 2019—the most recent year with available federal data—but they stood far higher than those of decades past. A multinational study published in the Lancet Psychiatry in April found that U.S. suicide rates actually decreased somewhat during the early months of the pandemic, compared to the year before it—but given spiking anxiety and depression rates during the pandemic, which studies suggest took a particularly harsh toll on young people, there’s good reason for continuing concern. Girls of color are increasingly accounting for this trend. According to one 2019 Pediatrics study, the number of white children attempting suicide in the U.S. decreased from 1991 to 2017, while the number of Black children attempting suicide went up. “Black youths are two times more likely to die by suicide compared to their white counterparts,” says Arielle Sheftall. Now, she says, “we’re trying to figure this out.” There’s rarely a single thing that drives someone to attempt suicide, and similarly there are many factors—from bullying to stigma to childhood trauma and racism—but no one cause that could help to explain the increase in suicides among Black youth.
Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/. Acesso em:13 maio 2020. Adaptado.
Com base no texto, afirma-se que
I. de modo geral, o suicídio entre jovens nos USA tem crescido historicamente.
II. ansiedade e depressão na pandemia impactaram o aumento de suicídios.
III. meninas negras nos USA cometem mais suicídio do que meninas brancas.
IV. o estudo aponta motivos para o suicídio e sugere como enfrentá-los.
V. o suicídio entre jovens aumentou durante a pandemia de COVID-19.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta as afirmativas corretas.
Leia o texto para responder a questão.
Consumption is in the very nature of living. To live is to consume. But it becomes excessive when it extends beyond what is needed. Our Earth produces enough resources to meet all of our needs, but it does not produce enough resources to meet all of our wants. And whether you consider yourself an environmentalist or not, it is difficult to argue with the fact that consuming more resources than the earth can replace is not a healthy trend, especially when it is completely unnecessary.
(www.forbes.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho “consuming more resources than the Earth can replace is not a healthy trend”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a
TEXTO
DEMOCRACIES LINKED TO GREATER UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE COMPARED WITH AUTOCRACIES, EVEN IN AN ECONOMIC RECESSION
August 2021
Despite widespread recognition that universal health coverage is a political choice, the roles that a country’s
political system plays in ensuring essential health services and minimizing financial risk remain poorly
understood. Identifying the political determinants of universal health coverage is important for continued
progress, and understanding the roles of political systems is particularly valuable in a global economic
[5] recession, which tests the continued commitment of nations to protecting the health of its citizens and to
shielding them from financial risk.
Universal health coverage aims to ensure that all members of a population have access to the high-quality
essential health services that they need without suffering financial hardship. The importance of universal
health coverage to many countries and international institutions is emphasized by the fact that it is included
[10] in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, progress on achieving universal health coverage worldwide
was already uneven ahead of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals deadline and may falter further
because of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated economic downturn.
Estimates suggest that an additional 40.1 million people would have lost universal health coverage because
of the 2020 economic downturn if the world were composed of autocratic governments and if governments
[15] responded to recessions in 2020 as they did during the period 1990–2019. It is estimated that almost
35 percent of the world’s population resides in an autocratizing country, and autocratization has been
shown to be associated with slowed progress toward universal health coverage.
Democracies are more open to feedback from a broader range of interest groups, are more protective of
media freedom, and may be more willing to use that feedback to extend and improve effective essential
[20] health services. Autocracies, in contrast, reduce political competition and access to information, which might
deter constituent feedback and responsive governance. For similar reasons, autocracies may be more willing
than democracies to curb social spending during economic slowdowns, including investment in universal
health coverage. Democracies have a greater incentive to maintain or increase social spending, including
universal health coverage, to shore up electoral support during recessions.
Adapted from: healthaffairs.org. Accessed September 4 2023.
“For similar reasons, autocracies may be more willing than democracies to curb social spending during economic slowdowns, including investment in universal health coverage.” (l. 21-23)
The underlined word has the following meaning:
The text that follows describes one of the emerging trends affecting medical practice, mainly influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic. Read it and mark the alternative which contains the CORRECT title for it.
“When medical professionals say ‘patient-centric care,’ we're really going to have to mean it,” said Richard E. Anderson, MD, FACP, chairman and CEO of The Doctors Company and TDC Group in California. “We're going to have to mean it in the kind of customer-service-forward way practiced by corporations like Amazon or Nordstrom or FedEx.”
What will that customer service look like? Anderson explained: “We need to improve the staggeringly expensive hospital experience. We need to stop requiring outpatients to see multiple doctors, labs and imaging centers in different locations at different times, and hope that someone thoughtfully acts on the results. Retail medicine has already made enormous inroads into primary care by providing rapid access at convenient locations at lower cost.”
(Source: https://www.merritthawkins.com/news-and-insights/blog/healthcare-news-and-trends/physician-trends-in2022/ - retrieved on 14th August, 2022)
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