Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Linking words - Contrast

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    There are as many ways of being blind as there

are of being tall, or sick, or hot. But the popular 
view has always conceived …….. blindness as a

totality. The blind bards wandering the

[5] countrysides of ancient Japan, China, or Europe, 
the blind housed in asylums in the Middle Ages, 
all the pupils in all the schools for the blind from 
the Enlightenment onward, blind beggars and

lawyers, war veterans and toddlers - in the eyes

[10] of history, as well as those of most of their 
contemporaries, they all saw nothing. Modern 
dictionaries still subscribe to this sense: 
blindness is the antonym of vision, and connotes 
a destitution of sight. What else could it mean?

[15]    Despite the poetic impulse to equate blindness

…….. darkness, it's rarely experienced as a black

veil draped over the world. Only around 15 
percent of blind people have no light perception 
whatsoever. Most see something, even if it isn't 
[20] very useful, by sighted standards: a blurry view 
of their periphery, with nothing in the middle, or 
the inverse - the world seen through a 

buttonhole. For some, scenes come through in a 
dim haze; for others, light produces a shower of 
[25] excruciatingly bright needles. Even those with no 
light perception at all have little use for the 
popular image of blindness as darkness: the 
brain cut off from visual stimulus can still 

produce washes of brilliant color and shape. One 
[30] blind man, whose optic nerve - the connection 
between the eyes and the brain - had been 
severed, described seeing a continuously 
swirling (and distracting) "visual tinnitus." The 
Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, decades 
[35] …….. his blindness, still saw color, which

sometimes disturbed him: "I, who was 
accustomed to sleeping in total darkness," he 
said, “was bothered for a long time at having to 
sleep in this world of mist, in the greenish or 
[40] bluish mist, vaguely luminous, which is the world 
of the blind. I wanted to lie down in darkness”.

    The arrival or encroachment of blindness gives

rise to a similarly dazzling range of experiences, 
an efflorescence of blind varietals. There are 
[45] those born blind, with no visual memories, 
whose brains – including the visual cortices – 
develop using four (or fewer) senses to construct 
their view of the world. Those who become blind 
in early childhood often retain visual memories 
[50] that can contribute to an intuitive understanding 
of visual concepts. The late-blinded may have 
the most cognitive work to do, forced to relearn 
basic skills like orientation and information – 
gathering through new senses, long after their 

[55] brains' developmental plasticity has hardened. 
Some late-blinded adults consciously struggle to 
preserve their storehouses of mental images, 
like art conservators touching up old and fading 
masterpieces. 

[60]    People are blinded by their spouses or strangers,

by acts of war or sports injuries, by industrial

accidents and bad decisions, malnutrition and

infection, genetic inheritances and spontaneous

mutations. It's disingenuous to argue that

[65] blindness doesn't have a transformative impact

...….. a person's life, but in every case, blindness

is only part of the story. The life of a blind person

is never fully (or even predominantly) defined by

their blindness».

Extraído de: LELAND, A. The Country of the Blind: A memoir at the end of sight. New York: Penguin, 2023.

Read Passage 1 carefully, and then answer the question.

PASSAGE 1

[1] Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize the way we learn and teach, making it more
personalized, engaging, and efficient. AI in education refers to the use of artificial intelligence technologies, such
as machine learning and natural language processing, to enhance the learning experience. It involves the use of
algorithms that analyze data, identify patterns, and make predictions, enabling educators to personalize
[5] learning for each student. The potential benefits of using AI in education are significant. Personalized learning,
one of the most significant advantages of AI in education, can lead to better student outcomes, as students can
learn at their own pace and in a way that suits their learning style. Intelligent tutoring systems, chatbots, and
automated grading and assessment can increase efficiency, save teachers' time, and provide more accurate and
consistent feedback. However, there are also challenges associated with using AI in education. Privacy and
[10] security concerns, lack of trust, cost, and potential bias are some of the challenges that need to be addressed.
Ethical considerations such as ensuring accessibility, transparency, and fairness in AI-based education systems
also need to be taken into account. Despite these challenges, the potential of AI in education is immense. AI can
provide better data analysis, enabling educators to make data-driven decisions. In this review we described the
role of AI in management and promotion of education, which describes the effect of AI in the education sector.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369545925_Role_of_AI_in_Education

WHAT'S YOUR WATER-FOOTPRINT?

[01] How Much water do you think is in an espresso? According to Professor Tony Allan a typical espresso contains 140 liters of water! In his book Virtual water; He says that we are not aware of 90% of the water we use, as it is 'hidden' water used in the production of the food and goods we buy. So, it takes 140 liters to grow, produce, package, and ship

[05] the beans you use to make your morning espresso. Professor Allan calls this water 'virtual water'. Since the appearance of this book, many people are taking these ideas very seriously. Water consumption varies greatly by country. In wealthy countries, people use about 150 liters a day for washing and drinking. However, if you include the 'virtual water' in their food and clothes, the figure jumps to 5,000 liters per day. A huge amount of

[10] water is used in beef production. Due to the growth of cities and rising populations, water is becoming a more valuable resource. In the next few decades, water will become a major issue for the world. Part of the solution may come thorough improvements in agricultural performance, thorough the use of better fertilizers, pesticides, etc. In recent years, agricultural production in Europe has increased from 3 tons of food per hectare to

[15] 10 tons. But we also need to improve the management of our water supply. this can happen through more waste water recycling (e.g. reusing water from our bath) or the development of better methods of desalination (= the removal of salt from water) - we can then use more sea water in agriculture. In the meantime, what can the individual do? Well, have you thought about taking a shower instead of a bath, fixing your leaky taps, or

[20] eating hamburgers less often? This action may seem like a drop in the ocean, but every drop helps!

Beef 15,500 liters per kg/Pork 4,800 liters per kg/Cheese 5,000 liters per kg/Milk 1,000 liters per kg/Egg 200 liters per kg/Rice 3,400 liters per kg

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    France wants to put a lid on the tourist crowds that flood historic landmarks and natural treasures each year, though officials have said it would not be easy. Tourism Minister Olivia Gregoire unveiled a plan to regulate visitor flows at the most popular sites and lay out a strategy against overtourism. She said France, the world’s biggest tourist destination, particularly needed to better manage the peak-season influxes that threatened “the environment, the quality of life for locals, and the experiences for its visitors”. The issue is urgent for prime destinations worldwide as international travel surges after covid-19 lockdowns. Many of the most revered French sites, such as the Mont-Saint-Michel abbey in Normandy, say they are overwhelmed by the number of visitors.

    On the famed Channel beach of Etretat, which saw a tourism surge thanks to the plot of the Netflix detective series “Lupin”, the 1,200 residents see up to 10,000 tourists a day in the high season. “This massive influx ends up eroding the cliffs and endangers the beach cliffs,” co-head of the Etretat Tomorrow residents’ association Shai Mallet said. She also laments the lack of local economic benefits, with visitors staying just a few hours, maybe grabbing an ice cream but not constantly frequenting restaurants or hotels.

    The government’s announcement comes as Paris, which is dealing with a housing shortage in part because homeowners prefer short-term rentals to tourists, said last week it expects 37 million tourists this year, just short of the pre-pandemic level of 38.5 million in 2019. Limits are already being set, with officials limiting day visits to the gorgeous Brittany island of Brehat at 4,700 during the peak summer months.

(www.euronews.com, 20.06.2023. Adaptado.)

Read Passage 1 carefully, and then answer the question.

PASSAGE 1

Biodiversity is collapsing as one million species teeter on the brink of extinction. We must end these relentless and senseless wars on nature.”

[1] UN Secretary-General António Guterres in his 
message on Mother Earth Day, 22 April 2023 . 
This month’s Goal of the Month editorial focuses 
on Goal 15, which is about protecting life on 
[5] land. It is to conserve and restore terrestrial 
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat 
desertification,  halt  and reverse land 
degradation and stop biodiversity loss. 

Why it matters

[10] Goal 15 matters because healthy ecosystems and 
the biological diversity they support are a source 
of food, water, medicine, shelter and other 
material goods. They also provide ecosystem 
services – the cleaning of air and water – which 
sustain life and increase resiliency. However, the 
[15] planet is experiencing a dangerous decline in 
nature because of human activity. The stakes 
could not be higher as one million plant and 
animal species are at risk of  extinction,  many 
within decades. …

SDG (Sustainable Development Goal) 15 by the Numbers

[20]    The world lost 100 million hectares of forest from 2000 to 2020. Agricultural expansion 
is the direct driver for almost 90% of global deforestation. 
    More than one in five species are now threatened with extinction. 
    Between 2015 and 2019, the world lost at least 100 million hectares of healthy and 
productive land every year, affecting food and water security globally. 

Available at: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/goal-of-the-month/. (Adapted). Acesso em 22 april , 2023.

Quiet quitting: The workplace trend taking over TikTok

Despite the name, "quiet quitting" actually has nothing to do with quitting your job. It means doing only what your job demands and nothing more. Quitting doing anything extra. You still show up for work but stay strictly within the boundaries of your job requirements. So, no more helping out with additional tasks or checking emails outside work hours. Since the pandemic, an increasing number of young workers have grown tired of not getting the recognition and compensation for putting in extra hours. They're saying no to burnout, and instead focusing on work-life balance. The movement is centered around selfpreservation and "acting your wage".

The term "quiet quitting" has taken off recently after American TikTokker @zaidlepplin posted a video on it that went viral, saying "work is not your life". Perhaps surprisingly, the overall movement may have its origins in China, where the now-censored hashtag #tangping, meaning "lie flat", was used in protest against the long-hours culture.

However, not everyone's on board with the quiet quitting phenomenon. Workplace decorum expert Pattie Ehsaei expressed her disagreement with it in a TikTok video, saying you'll never succeed at work with that mindset. "Quiet quitting is doing the bare minimum required of you at work and being content with mediocrity," she told the BBC. "Advancement and pay increases will go to those whose level of effort warrants advancement and doing the bare minimum certainly does not."

Career coach and podcast host Joanne Mallon says many of her clients have already started to quiet quit when they come to her for coaching. She says that while she would never advise someone to quiet quit, she asks them what their reasons are for doing so. According to her, "Everybody has quiet quit at some point in their lives, but ultimately it might be a sign that it's time to move on and get out of a space physically".

Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62638908 Available on September 15th, 2022.