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     Kids can show anxiety symptoms early on

Kristen Rogers - CNN

    Excessive clinginess to parents can be a sign a child is struggling with an anxiety disorder, experts have said. (...)

    Anxiety disorders are marked by persistent and excessive worries. While someone with generalized anxiety might worry about various everyday things, someone with social anxiety typically has ‘intense or persistent fears or worries about being judged negatively by other people’, said Rachel Busman, a New York-based clinical psychologist and cognitive and behavioral consultant_____specialized in anxiety.

    One fifth of children worldwide have anxiety symptoms that are clinically elevated, or worse than what is considered normal, according to a 2011 study.

    Anxiety symptoms can be difficult to spot, but the sooner parents notice signs, the earlier mental health professionals ‘can help parents and kids understand what is happening’, said Dr. Rebecca Baum, a professor of general pediatrics and adolescent medicine at the University of North Carolina.

    Children with anxiety might begin to avoid anxiety- inducing situations. This behavior can facilitate a cycle that makes their fears bigger and bigger.

Adapted from https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/16/health/anxiety-early- signs-in-kids-wellness/index.html

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On top of the World-Imagine Dragons

If you love somebody
Better tell them why they’re here cause
They just may run away from you
You will never know what went well
Then again it just depends on
How long of time is left for you
I’ve had the highest mountains
I’ve had the deepest rivers
You can have it all but not til you move it
Now take it in but don’t look down.

www.vagalume.com.br

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TEXT

Music therapy with cancer patients

    Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the
United States, in Germany and in many other
industrialized countries. In 2007, about 12 million
people were diagnosed with cancer worldwide with a
[5] mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society,
2007). In the industrial countries, the most commonly
diagnosed cancers in men are prostate cancer, lung
cancer and colorectal cancer. Women are most
commonly diagnosed with breast cancer, gastric
[10] cancer and lung cancer.
    The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the
disease, but there are common symptoms caused by
cancer and/or by its medical treatment (e.g.,
chemotherapy and radiation). Common physical
[15] symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of
appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness,
limited physical activity, hair loss, a sore mouth/throat
and bowel problems. Cancer also often causes
psychological problems such as depression, anxiety,
[20] mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, grief and
decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate
social consequences. Social isolation can occur due to
physical or psychological symptoms (for example,
feeling too tired to meet friends, cutting oneself off due

[25] to depressive complaints).
    Besides conventional pharmacological treatments
of cancer, there are treatments to meet psychological
and physical needs of the patient. Psychological
consequences of cancer, such as depression, anxiety
[30] or loss of control, can be counteracted by
psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy
cancer patients may develop coping strategies to
handle the disease. Research indicates that music
therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy, can have
[35] positive effects on both physiological and psychological
symptoms of cancer patients as well as in acute or
palliative situations.
    There are several definitions of music therapy.
According to the World Federation of Music Therapy
[40] (WFMT, 1996), music therapy is: “the use of music
and/or its music elements (sound, rhythm, melody and
harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client or
group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote
communication, relationship, learning, mobilization,
[45]expression, organization, and other relevant
therapeutic objectives, in order to meet physical,
emotional, mental, social and cognitive needs”.
    The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT,
1999) defines music therapy as “a methodological form
[50] of assistance in which musical means are used within a
therapeutic relation to manage changes,
developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the
emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the
physical field”.
[55]    The assumption is that the patient's musical
behaviour conforms to their general behaviour. The
starting points are the features of the patient's specific
disorder or disease pattern. There is an analogy
between psychological problems and musical
[60] behaviour, which means that emotions can be
expressed musically. For patients who have difficulties
in expressing emotions, music therapy can be a useful
medium. Music therapy might be a useful intervention
for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate and
[65] enhance their emotional expressivity. Besides analogy,
there are further qualities of music that can be
beneficial within therapeutic treatment. One of these

qualities is symbolism: music can symbolize persons,
objects, incidents, experiences or memories of daily
[70] life. Therefore, music is a reality, which represents
another reality. The symbolism of the musical reality
enables the patient to deal safely with the other reality
for it evokes memories about persons, objects or
incidents. These associations can be perceived as
[75] positive or negative, so they release emotions in the
patient.
    Music therapy both addresses physical and
psychological needs of the patient. Numerous studies
indicate that music therapy can be beneficial to both
[80] acute cancer patients and palliative cancer patients in
the final stage of disease.
    Most research with acute cancer patients receiving
chemotherapy, surgery or stem cell transplantation
examined the effectiveness of receptive music therapy.
[85] Listening to music during chemotherapy, either played
live by the music therapist or from tape has a positive
effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety and mood.
There was also found a decrease in diastolic blood
pressure or heart rate and an improvement in fatigue;
[90] insomnia and appetite loss could be significantly
decreased in patients older than 45 years. Further
improvements by receptive music therapy were found
for physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and tolerability of
the chemotherapy. A study with patients undergoing
[95] surgery found that receptive music therapy led to
decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before,
during and after surgery. Music therapy can also be
applied in palliative situations, for example to patients
with terminal cancer who live in hospices.
[100]    Studies indicate that music therapy may be
beneficial for cancer patients in acute and palliative
situations, but the benefits of music therapy for
convalescing cancer patients remain unclear. Whereas
music therapy interventions for acute and palliative
[105] patients often focus on physiological and
psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain perception and
reducing medical side-effects, music therapy with post

hospital curative treatment could have its main focus
on psychological aspects. A cancer patient is not free
[110] from cancer until five years after the tumour ablation.
The patient fears that the cancer has not been
defeated. In this stage of the disease, patients
frequently feel insecure, depressive and are
emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome and
[115] negative emotions is an important issue for many
oncology patients. After the difficult period of the
medical treatment, which they often have overcome in
a prosaic way by masking emotions, patients often
express the wish to become aware of themselves
[120] again. They may wish to grapple with negative
emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to
experience positive feelings, such as enjoyment and
vitality.
    The results indicate that music therapy can also
[125] have positive influences on well-being of cancer
patients in the post-hospital curative stage as well as
they offer valuable information about patients' needs in
this state of treatment and how effects can be dealt
with properly.

(Adapted from https://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf - Access on 25/02/19) 

Is breakfast always a good idea?

By Philippa Roxby

Breakfast may be the most important meal of the day, but eating it won’t help you lose weight, research suggests

    Those who ate breakfast consumed 260 more
[5] calories per day and gained 1 lb. (approximately 500
kilograms) more than those who skipped it, a review
of previous studies found. But experts say a healthy
breakfast can be a good source of calcium and fiber.
It has also been shown to improve concentration and
[10] attention levels, particularly in children. Breakfast
gives you energy, stops you snacking later in the day
and supplies essential nutrients – so we are told.
Its reputation as the nutritional backstop to our day
stems from observational studies showing a positive
[15] link between people eating breakfast and having a
healthy weight.

    But this new Australian research in the British
Medical Journal, which reviewed the results of 13
separate trials on breakfast eating, weight change
[20] and energy intake, found little evidence for those
views. The findings of the Monash University research
team suggest that skipping breakfast might in fact be
a good way to reduce total daily calorie intake. They
found that breakfast eaters consumed more calories
[25] overall and breakfast skippers did not have a greater
appetite in the afternoon. And they say caution is
needed when recommending breakfast for weight
loss in adults – because it could have the opposite
effect. However, the researchers added that there
[30] were limitations to their study. The participants in the
studies were only followed for short periods – from
between two and 16 weeks – and the difference in
calorie intake between breakfast eaters and skippers
was small. The researchers concluded that working
[35] out the long-term effect of skipping or adding breakfast
to diets still needed more research.

Calcium and fiber boost

    Prof Kevin Whelan, dietetics expert and head
of King College of London’s nutritional sciences
[40] department, says we should not get too hung up on
calorie intake first thing in the morning. “This study
does not say breakfast is bad for the health,” he said.
“Breakfast is important for nutrient intake, such as
cereals and milk which are good for calcium and fiber.”
[45] But the BMJ research did not look at this aspect of
breakfast. “We are not talking about breakfast being
the cause of obesity,” he said.

Available at: https:www.bbc.com/news/health-47070173?intlink_ from_url. Retrieved on: Jan. 31, 2019. Adapted.

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    The Brazilian culture is one of the world’s most varied and diverse. This is due to its being a melting pot of nationalities, as a result of centuries of European domination as well as slavery, which brought hordes of African migrants across Brazil’s borders to live in and influence the local cultures with their ancient customs and ideas. The European settlers also brought ideas, innovations and belief systems with them, shaping the local societies significantly. All of these different influences have meant that the modern-day Brazilian culture is unique and very complex. 

    At present, Brazil has a population of about 190 million people. Of these, more than half are white (which includes Portuguese, Italian, German, Polish etc... individuals), just fewer than 40% are mixed Afro-Brazilian and white and less than 10% are Afro-Brazilian.

    Brazilians, as a nation, focus much importance on the family structure and the values that are entrenched within that institution. Families are usually large, and even extended family members are close with one another, providing much-needed help and support to each other whenever and however necessary.

    Brazilians are usually rather affectionate, tactile people. Men shake hands with one another, while women are going to kiss each others’ cheeks in greeting. They are going to start with the left cheek and then kiss the right. In business relationships, Brazilian businessmen are going to know one another before committing to long-term business dealings, as they want to know those with whom they deal.

(Texto Adaptado. Disponível em: https://www.brazil.org.za/brazil-culture.html#:~:text=Th e%20Brazilian%20culture%20is%20one%20of%20the%20wo rld's%20most%20varied%20and%20diverse.&text=At%20pr esent%2C%20Brazil%20has%20a,less%20than%2010%25% 20are%20black.. Acesso em: 15 dez. 2020).

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Back to School

   For generations in the United States, a nineteenth century
invention known as the public school system was seen as
the best way to give students the knowledge and skills to
become nice citizens. Around the 1960s, experts began
[05] questioning the system, citing the need for new types of
schools to meet the changing demands of the twentieth
century. These reformers eventually won for parents a much
broader range of educational choices – including religious,
alternative, and charter schools and home schooling – but they
[10] also sparked a debate on teaching and learning that still
divides experts to this day.

Nunan, David - Listen in book 2, second edition.